United States Foreign Policy 1877-1899

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United States Foreign Policy1877-1899
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The Impulse for Imperialism

• Imperialism The quest for colonial empire
• The industrialized nations of the world began to
  compete for natural resources in Asia, Africa,
  and Latin America.
• These same areas became markets for consumer
  goods produced by the industrialized countries.

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The push for overseas markets

• Congressional supporters like Senator Henry Cabot
  Lodge and Senator Albert J. Beveridge advocated
  the acquisition of over seas markets
• The most influential supporter was Alfred Thayer
  Mahan the author of the book The Influence of
  Sea Power upon History.
• Mahan advocated the need for a strong and large
  navy to protect a countrys economic interest and
  the need for overseas bases.

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Other reasons for expansion

• Belief in the racial and cultural superiority of
  people from Anglo-Saxon decent.
• The Evangelical push to spread Christian values
• The Social Darwinism theory.

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Social Darwinist Thinking
The White MansBurden
The Hierarchyof Race
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Moving towardImperialism
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A. Samoa

• 1. The US competed with Great Britain and Germany
  in the Pacific over territories and markets
• 2. 1878, a treaty gave the US rights to the main
  harbor in Pago Pago, Samoa

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• 3. In 1889, the Germans sent marines to protect
  their interests in Pago Pago, Samoa the British
  and Americans sent gunboats.
• 4. Ten years later (1899) the US retained the
  rights to Pago Pago after the three powers carved
  up the islands

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B. Hawaii

• 1. US wanted to expand trade across the Pacific
  to China Hawaii was a vital link
• 2. 1780s an American Merchant ship had stopped in
  Hawaii and by the 1840s merchants and
  missionaries dominated the port of Honolulu

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• 3. Hawaiis location, 2000 miles west of the
  United States, made it ideal for a fueling
  station.
• 4. Missionaries began cultivating sugar and
  producing it for export to the US
• 5. By the 1870s American Sugar planters held
  most of the wealth in the islands. By 1898 the
  value of sugar estates in Hawaii was 40 million
• 6. The Hawaiian King Kalakaua, was forced by the
  planters in 1887, to sign a new constitution that
  limited his power to rule. The new constitution
  was referred to by Hawaiians as the Bayonet
  Constitution
• 7. The new constitution also gave the US rights
  to build a fortified naval base at Pearl Harbor.
• (talked about in Clevelands 1st term)

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• 8. 1890 McKinley Tariff allowed all countries
  to ship sugar to the US duty free and also gave
  US producers of sugar a 2 cent subsidy
• 9.The McKinley Tariff crushed the Hawaiian
  economy
• The McKinley Tariff of 1890 was named after
  the President McKinley. He served as a United
  States Representative where he made his name by
  supporting protective tariffs.

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• 10. Queen Liliuokalani very strong nationalist
  tried to limit foreign influence in Hawaii and
  restore the power of the monarchy- ESPECIALLY
  after the McKinley tariff hurt the economy.

Queen Liliuokalani
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• 11.As a nationalist, she believed that Hawaii
  should remain in the hands of the native people.
  As a monarchist, she believed that she not the
  sugar planters should control the
  constitutional legislature.
• 12. 1893, the planters overthrew Queen
  Liliuokalani the US Marines were sent ashore to
  protect American lives and property

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• L. Revolutionary government was headed by ,
  Sanford Dole Queen Lilioukalani surrendered her
  throne
• M. President Cleveland was against the US
  involvement in the Hawaiian revolt and requested
  that Queen Lilioukalani be restored to the throne
  
• 13. Dole refused to step down Hawaii
• remained a republic from 1894 -1898
• 14. Hawaii will be annexed under President
  
• McKinley on July 7, 1898

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Sanford B. Dole, on the left, continued as
President of the new Territory of Hawaii until
the Hawaiian Organic Act of 1900 established a
permanent territorial government led by a
governor.
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Congressional support for annexation of Hawaii
opposed by Cleveland
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U.S. Involvement in China

• Hawaii was important as a fueling station for
  trade with China.
• China had been divided up into Spheres Of
  Influence by European nations and Japan by the
  1890s.
• In the spheres of influence a nation held
  exclusive trading rights within China.
• The Americans had no sphere of Influence and were
  afraid that they would be left out in the
  lucrative trade with China.

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• European powers and Japan carve up China

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Religious/Missionary Interests
American Missionariesin China, 1905
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China

• A. China was an important additional market for
  the US to sell to during the age of New
  Imperialism
• B. After Japan defeated China in the
  Sino-Japanese war of 1895 Japan encouraged
  European countries to take advantage of Chinas
  weakened position.

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The Open Door Policy

• In 1899 Secretary of State John Hay called for an
  Open Door Policy in regards to equal trading
  rights in China.
• Hay sent a series of open door notes to the
  European powers in China asking them to-
• Open all ports to trade for all nations
• Allow the Chinese officials to collect tariffs in
  these ports.
• Allow the free and equal access to harbor and
  railroads in each sphere.
• Hay received no reply so he simply announced that
  the terms were accepted and the US began to
  operate in the spheres. No European nation
  objected.

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TheOpen Door Policy
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The Boxer Rebellion

• Chinese Resentment of Europeans became intense by
  1900.
• The Fists of Righteous Harmony or Boxers were a
  secret anti-western society.
• In 1900 the Boxers began attacking western
  missionaries, killing over 200.
• Chinese governments, under the Empress Dowager,
  took no actions to stop the attacks.

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The Boxer Rebellion 1900

• The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.
• 55 Days at Peking.

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• C. Foreign countries responded by sending in
  troops to Beijing along the way, these troops
  plundered the countryside and killed civilians

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Chinese Boxers
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The Boxers Defeat

• The Boxers laid siege to the foreign embassies in
  the inner city of Peking
• The international community held out for 55 days.
• An international army marched into the city and
  destroyed the Boxer army and their allies in the
  Chinese army
• Sec. of State John Hay issued a 2nd Open Door
  Note asking countries to respect China and
  continue open trade
• China was forced to pay 333 million dollars in
  reparations to the Europeans, Japanese. and
  Americans.

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Spanish-American War

• The Spanish controlled only Cuba after the early
  19th century wars of independence in Latin
  America.
• Cubans had fought four unsuccessful wars of
  independence against Spanish rule by 1893.
• In 1895 Another revolt was launched.

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Jose Marti

• Jose Marti was a famous Cuban poet and
  journalist who was living in exile in New York.
• Martis influence on the American public was
  important and far reaching
• Marti died in battle in 1895.

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Valeriano Weyler

• Spain place General Valeriano Weyler in charge of
  the Cuba colony in 1896.
• Weyler used concentration camps and ruthless
  tactics to end the revolt
• Over 200,000 Cubans died under his rule

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General Valeriano Weyler
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The Influence of the Media

• William Randolph Hearst owned the New York
  Journal and believe newspapers should shape
  public opinion and policy.
• Hearst sent Fredrick Remington to cuba to create
  drawings depicting Spanish Cruelty
• Hearst engaged in Yellow Journalism or
  sensationalized stories about atrocities in Cuba
  to pressure the government into action against
  Spain.

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• 4. Newspapers like the New York Journal and the
  New York World relied on sensationalist headlines
  to sell newspapers- the Cuban Revolution was an
  excellent chance to sell papers Remington wrote
  Hearst
• "Everything is quiet. There is no trouble. There
  will be no war. I wish to return." Hearst's reply
  is alleged to have been "Please remain. You
  furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war."

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Yellow Journalism
Joseph Pulitzer
Hearst to Frederick Remington You furnish
the pictures, and Ill furnish the war!
William Randolph Hearst
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The Yellow Kid

• NOTE OF INTEREST Pulitzer began publishing color
  comic sections that included a strip entitled
  "The Yellow Kid" (right) in early 1896, this type
  of paper was labeled "yellow journalism."

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Remember the Maine

• William McKinley did not want to go to war over
  cuba
• Hearst reprinted degrading notes from the Spanish
  minister, Enrique de Lome.
• The De Lome letters ridiculed McKinley as weak
  and indecisive.
• The final event that triggered war was the
  sinking of the battleship Maine in Havana
  harbor killing 260 sailors.

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• (a) The explosion demolished the ship, killing
  266 crewmen. An inquest ruled that the explosion
  was caused by sabotage. Later investigations
  suggested that an accidental fire in the coal
  storage bunker ignited the gunpowder magazines.
• (b) The explosion was a cause of the
  Spanish-American War and reason for the rallying
  cry, "Remember the Maine!, To hell with Spain!"
  The episode focused national attention on the
  crisis in Cuba but was not cited by President
  McKinley as a cause.
• (c) Some who were already inclined to go to war
  with Spain over their perceived atrocities and
  loss of control in Cuba may have seen this as the
  last straw.

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The USS Maine
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The remains of the USS Maine
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Yellow Journalism
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War With Spain

• The war began due to American demands that
  Spain peacefully resolve the Cuban fight for
  independence, though strong expansionist
  sentiment in the United States may have also made
  the US target Spain's other remaining overseas
  territories Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam
  and the Caroline Islands.
• On March 29, 1898 The United States
  Government issued an ultimatum to the Spanish
  Government to terminate its presence in Cuba.
  Spain did not accept the ultimatum
• The US President William McKinley declared war on
  Spain on April 11, 1898.
• The U.S. Congress drafted the Teller Amendment
  to assure the world that the United States would
  not annex Cuba after the War.

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• When War was formally declared between Spain
  and the United States and McKinley ordered a
  blockade of Cuba. The U.S. fleet left Florida
  for Havana to begin the Cuban blockade at the
  principal ports . McKinley called for 125,000
  volunteers.

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Fighting in the Philippines

• The Spanish American war began in the Pacific
  ocean in Manila harbor in the Philippines.
• Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore
  Roosevelt ordered Commodore George Dewey to the
  South Pacific, two weeks before the war began.
• Dewey sailed from Hong Kong and attack the
  Spanish fleet and destroyed in it Manila Harbor.
• Deweys Marines were helped by Filipino Rebels
  led by Emilio Aguinaldo to capture the city.

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The Philippines
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Dewey to and in Manila Harbor
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Theodore Roosevelt

• Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley
  administration.
• Imperialist and American nationalist.
• Criticized PresidentMcKinley as having the
  backbone of a chocolate éclair!
• Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

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• Guam, one of the Mariana Islands in the
  western Pacific, surrendered to Captain Henry
  Glass on the U.S.S. Charleston. The Spanish
  commander on the island obviously had not heard
  of the outbreak of the war, and there was no
  ammunition on the island.

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Fighting in Cuba

• The American army was unprepared for a war
  against a European nation.
• Wrong equipment was issued, too few transport
  vessels were available to carry troops to Cuba.
• Theodore Roosevelt had organized a Volunteer
  Calvary Unit of 1,000 men known as the Rough
  Riders.

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The Rough Riders
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Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders at San
Juan Hill
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The Actions

• The Spanish Army had better weapons but poorer
  leadership than the Americans.
• The battle of San Juan Hill was the most
  recognized victory for the Rough Riders but it
  also included the 9th and 10th cavalry units
  called the Buffalo Soldiers or Smoked Yankees

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Cuban and American troops in action
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THE NAVAL BATTLE OF SANTIAGO

• The U.S. Navy's defeat of the Spanish battle
  fleet marked the end of centuries-long Spanish
  power in the western hemisphere. 1,800 Spaniards
  died in the battle, in contrast to one American
  death and one American wounded sailor. All of the
  Spanish ships were beached, either burning or
  sinking. Two weeks later the Spanish forces
  defending Santiago surrendered and the
  Spanish-American war ended.

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The victory in Cuba

• The American Army won the war on land and on the
  sea.
• American Troops invaded and captured Puerto Rico.
• Spain Surrendered and in 1898 signed the Treaty
  of Paris with the U. S. to end the War.

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A Splendid Little War
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Treaty of Peace in Paris

• The Treaty of Paris
• (1) Spain allowed an independent Cuba,
• (2) Gave up Puerto Rico and Guam to the US,
• (3) Spain sold the Philippine Islands, for
• 20,000,000.

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