Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation

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Chapter 1 The Human Body An Orientation

• J.F. Thompson, Ph.D. J.R. Schiller, Ph.D. G.
  Pitts, Ph.D.

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Anatomy and Physiology Place Assignment

• PART I BASIC CHEMISTRY
• Definition of Concepts Matter and Energy
  (25-26) 
• Animation Energy Concepts
• Composition of Matter Atoms and Elements
  (27-30) 
• Animation Atomic Structure How Matter Is
  Combined Molecules and Mixtures (30-31) 
• Chemical Bonds (31-36) 
• Chemical Reactions (36-40) 
• Part II BIOCHEMISTRY
• Inorganic Compounds (40-43) 
• InterActive Physiology Introduction to Body
  Fluids Organic Compounds (43-59) 
• Animations Disaccharides Polysaccharides
  FatsArt Labeling Lipids (fig. 2.15, p.
  47)Animations Structure of Proteins Primary
  and Secondary Structure Tertiary and Quaternary
  StructureAnimation How Enzymes WorkArt
  Labeling Mechanism of Enzyme Action (fig. 2.21,
  p. 55)Art Labeling Structure of DNA (fig. 2.22,
  p. 56)Memory Important Molecules Chapter
  Summary 

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Anatomy and Physiology Place

• Chapter QuizzesArt Labeling QuizMatching
  QuizMultiple-Choice Quiz (Level
  I)Multiple-Choice Quiz (Level II)True-False
  QuizCrossword PuzzlesCrossword Puzzle
  2.1Crossword Puzzle 2.2Crossword Puzzle 2.3

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Get Ready for AP Activities

• Your Starting Point Pre-Quiz
• Atomic Structure 165
• Atoms and Isotopes
• Build an Atom
• Period Table of Elements 171
• Periodic Table
• Chemical Bonding 177
• Hydrogen BondingNonpolar and Polar Molecules
• What Did You Learn? Post Quiz

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Anatomy and Physiology Overview

• Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy structure how it is constructed
• Physiology function - how it works
• Topics of Anatomy
• Gross anatomy
• Regional anatomy
• Systemic anatomy
• Surface anatomy
• Microscopic anatomy
• cytology internal cell structure
• histology tissues composed of different cell
  types
• Developmental anatomy

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Anatomy and Physiology Overview

• Topics of Physiology at the System Level
• Neurophysiology
• Renal
• Cardiovascular
• Respiratory
• Endocrine
• Muscle
• Gastrointestinal
• Reproductive

• Topics of Physiology at various Organizational
  Levels
• Cellular Physiology
• Animal Physiology
• Pathophysiology

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Three Essential Concepts

• Principle of Complimentarity
• Hierarchy of Structural Organization
• Homeostasis

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Complimentarity Principle

• Function reflects Structure
• mineral deposits harden bones teeth
• valves in heart keep blood flow unidirectional
• Function also specific to Location
• Example cartilage is flexible and smooth
• ears collect sound vibrations
• larynx phonation (voice production)
• joints locomotion

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Hierarchy of Structural Organization

• Chemical
• Cellular
• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ System
• Organismal
• Note be able to define each!

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Essential Concepts The Hierarchy of Structural
Organization

• Chemical
• Atoms bonds
• Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, etc.
• Molecules
• small inorganic
• small organic
• proteins
• carbohydrates
• lipids
• nucleic acids
• Cell Organelles assembled from various molecules

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Essential Concepts The Hierarchy of Structural
Organization

• Cellular level
• Cells the basic structural and functional units
  of the organism
• Cells are specialized for particular functions,
  e.g., muscle cells are specialized for
  contracting
• Tissue level
• Groups of different cell types cooperate to
  perform specific functions

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Essential Concepts The Hierarchy of Structural
Organization

• Organ level - two or more different tissue types
  organized to perform specific functions
• System level - connected organs that cooperate in
  related function(s)

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Hierarchy of Structural Organization

• Organismal level - all of the organ systems
  working together to maintain life constitute the
  living organism

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Necessary Life Functions

• Maintaining Boundaries - keeping the inside
  separate/different from the outside
• Movement, including
• the whole body as during walking/running
• propulsion as in food moving through the GI tract
• cell migration such as immune cells patrolling
  the body to fight infection
• intracellular movements such as mitochondria
  responding to oxygen levels
• Responsiveness detecting and responding to
  changes in the internal/external environments
• All body cells, but especially nerve muscle
  cells

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Maintenance of Life

• Digestion - breaking down ingested food to simple
  molecules to be absorbed
• Metabolism - all biochemical processes in the
  body
• catabolism breakdown reactions
• anabolism synthetic reactions
• Excretion - removing wastes from the body
• Reproduction - formation of new cells for growth,
  repair, replacement or a new organism
• Growth
• increase in size, complexity
• due to increased cell number or increased cell
  size

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Survival Needs

• Things required for an organisms survival
• Nutrients
• Oxygen
• Water
• Normal body temperature
• Atmospheric pressure for gas exchange
• All must be maintained within fairly narrow ranges

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Essential Concept Homeostasis

• the ability to maintain relatively stable
  internal conditions even though the outside world
  changes continuously
• Important for maintaining physiological limits
• multiple organs and systems are working all the
  time
• cells and organs need a relatively constant
  internal environment for survival
• the internal environment stays within those
  limits due to the stability of body fluid
  composition

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Homeostatic Systems

• Three Basic Components
• Receptor
• detects change in a variable (stimulus/stress)
• sends input (information) to a control center
• Control Center
• assesses input sends output to effector(s)
• Effector
• causes response, i.e., an effect which is
  triggered by output

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Negative Feedback Control

• Results in a return to homeostatic equilibrium
  because the response reduces stimulus (stress)
• Examples
• Regulation of blood glucose
• Regulation of body temperature
• Most Other Physiologic Mechanisms

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Positive Feedback Control

• Results in a shift to a new homeostatic
  equilibrium because the response increases the
  stimulus level (stress) snowball effect
• Examples
• Blood clotting
• Pregnancy/Childbirth
• Immune responses
• A few others
• Most are responses to special conditions
  resulting in a new, temporary physiologic state

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Homeostatic Imbalances

• Pathological processes with a particular set of
  characteristics in which some or all parts of the
  body are not functioning correctly
• diseases or injuries may be local or systemic
• different systemic changes are present and may
  suggest a cause
• symptoms - subjective changes in body function,
  not observable reported by the individual, e.g.,
  pain
• signs - objective changes which are observable,
  e.g., temperature, pulse

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The Language of Anatomy

• Anatomical position a constant reference point
• Directional terms - Table 1.1, pg. 13
• Regional terms - Figure 1.7, pg. 14
• Axial
• Appendicular

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Body Planes and Sections

• Sagittal
• Frontal
• Transverse (cross)

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Body Cavities

• Dorsal body cavity
• cranial
• vertebral or spinal
• Ventral body cavity
• thoracic
• pleural
• mediastinum
• Abdominopelvic
• abdominal
• pelvic

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Membranes in the Ventral Cavity

• Like a Fist in a balloon
• Membrane inside a membrane with a narrow enclosed
  space in between
• parietal
• the outer membrane
• on the body wall
• visceral
• the inner membrane
• on the organ wall
• space filled with watery fluid
• Body cavity lined with serous membrane (Serosa)
  which produces the serous fluid
• Membrane named depending on its position, and the
  cavitys organs inside
• parietal pericardium
• visceral pericardium

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The Language of Anatomy

• The following slides and tables from your text
  are part of the subject matter of Lab 1 be
  familiar with them
• See your Lab Guide (on the web) and your Lab
  Manual as well

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Figure 1.7A Regional terms for body areas
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Figure 1.7B Regional terms for body areas
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Figure 1.11A Abdominopelvic regions
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Figure 1.11B Abdominopelvic regions
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Table 1.1A Orientation Directional Terms
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Table 1.1B Orientation Directional Terms
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Table 1.1C Orientation Directional Terms
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End of Chapter 1