Measurement and Design in Kinesiology

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Measurement and Design in Kinesiology
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What questions are asked?

• Gabbard, C., Goncalves, V., Santos, D. (2001).
  Visual-Motor Integration Problems in Low Birth
  Weight Infants. Journal of Clinical Psy in Med
  Settings, 8 (3), 199-204.
• Cooke, W.H., Barnes, W.S. The influence of
  recovery duration on high-intensity exercise
  performance after oral creatine supplementation.
  Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 22(5),
  454-467, 1997.
• Delp, M.D., R.B. Armstrong, D.A. Godfrey, M.H.
  Laughlin, C.D. Ross and M.K. Wilkerson. Exercise
  increasesblood flow to locomotor, vestibular,
  cardiorespiratory, and visual regions of the
  brain in miniature swine. J.Physiol. (Lond.) 533
  849-859, 2001.
• Bunting, C. J. (1995). Physiological measurements
  of stress during outdoor adventure activities.
  The Journal of Experiential Education, 18, 5-11.
• Shea, C.H., Wright,D.L., Wulf,G. Whitacre, C.
  (2000). Physical and observational practice
  afford unique learning opportunities. Journal of
  Motor Behavior, 32, 27-36.

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Scientific Method

• The scientific method provides a cogent means of
  obtaining information that can be used as a solid
  foundation for supporting instructional decisions
  (Magill, 1983)

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Bottom-Up Research Induction
Theory
Law
Hypotheses
observations
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Top-down research Deduction
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Scientific Method

• Experimental Approach
• allows one to test ____________ in order to make
  causal statement about the relationships between
  variables. This usually involves an experiment
  which includes the manipulation of an
  _____________ and examination of its effect on a
  ________________.
• _________________
• a proposal to explain certain facts (Shumway-Cook
  Woolacott, 1995)

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The Experiment

• A ____________ is a tentative prediction of
  behavior under a set of conditions
• ______________ is an investigation in which a
  researcher manipulates one variable while
  measuring its effect on some other variable.
  Experiments are the most common way to test
  hypotheses.
• The measured variable is called the
  ________________.
• The manipulated variable is called the
  ______________.

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The Experiment

• Independent Variable
• Dependent Variable

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Dependent Variables

• Anatomy
• Exercise Physiology
• Health Fitness
• Biomechanics
• Motor Learning and Control
• Motor Development
• Sport Psychology
• Sport Pedagogy

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DV Anatomy

• Electromyography

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Performance Measures Neural Signals

• Positron Emission Tomography (A scanner detects
  radioactive material that was injected or inhaled
  to produce an image of the brain)

chemical uptake in the brain of a monkey to test
the effectiveness of a treatment for Parkinson's
disease
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

• MRI uses the detection of radiofrequency signals
  produced by displaced radio waves in a magnetic
  field. Functional MRI (fMRI) is able to
  distinguish those parts of the brain which are
  actively thinking (or moving) from those which
  are not (e.g., finger tapping).

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DV Exercise Physiology
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DV Exercise Physiology

• _____________
• _____________
• _____________
• _____________
• _____________

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Biomechanics Kinematics
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Biomechanics Kinematics

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Biomechanics RMSE
-5
5
0
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Biomechanics Kinetics
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Motor Behavior Latency Measures

1. _______________
2. _______________
3. _______________

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Motor Behavior Outcome Errors

• Bias
• ________________ S(xi T)/n
• Consistency
• ________________ SQRTS(xi x)2/n
• Performance
• ________________ SQRT(CE2 VE2)

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DV Motor Development
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DV Sport Psychology
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DV Sport Pedagogy

• Academic Learning Time (ALT-PE)
• of Episodes
• duration of episodes

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The Experimental Plan

• Sampling
• Paradigms
• The Experiment

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Sampling of the Population

• A subject _______________ is comprised of all
  persons (in the world) who meet a certain set of
  conditions.
• A ___________ is a subset of the entire
  population. The experimenter attempts to use a
  sample that is representative of the entire
  population since normally an entire population
  can not be tested.
• _____________is used to increase the probability
  of the sample being truly representative of the
  population.

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Paradigms

• Paradigms are experimental plans or protocols
• Experimental vs. Control Groups
• Pre-Post Test
• Transfer Paradigm
• Longitudinal and cross-sectional

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Wheres the control?
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Placebos
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Pre-post tests
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Transfer Paradigm

• important for assessing relative permanence of
  information or what we might commonly refer to as
  learning
• __________________________
• __________________________

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Transfer Paradigm
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Descriptive Data

• Organizing Data
• Central Tendency
• Variability

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Normal Distribution
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Normal Distribution
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Normal Distribution Exceptions
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Inferential Statistics

• Correlation
• Regression

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Correlations
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Correlations
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Regressions Predicting RT
Y 200 150 (X)
RT (msec)
Bits
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Identifying Differences

• t-test
• ____________________________
• Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
• __________________________________________________
  ______________________________

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T-test vs. ANOVA
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Validity

• Internal Validity
• External Validity
• Ecological Validity

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Reliability

• Refers to the notion that the given the same
  experimental setting and procedures the results
  are repeatable

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Exam 1 Example 1
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Exam 1 Example 1
What is the dependent variable? What is the
independent variable?
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Kinematic Analysis of Movement

• Displacement
• Velocity
• Acceleration
• Jerk

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Exam 1 Example 2

• Measuring angular acceleration would most
  commonly be conducted by a _______________________
  .
• sport psychologist
• sport pedagogist
• exercise physiologist
• health expert
• biomechanist