Kinesiology Analysis of a Long Jump

1
Kinesiology Analysis of a Long Jump

• Daintylee Dixon
• Dennis Nwabude
• Marc Lujares
• Sike Ekhator
• Yajaira Rodriguez

2
Introduction

• Long Jump is an athletic (track and field) event
  where athletes combine speed, strength, and
  agility in attempt to land as far from the
  take-off point as possible.
• The Long Jump consist of four phases Approach,
  Take-off (TO), Flight and Landing.

3
Phase I- Approach

• The objective of the approach is to gradually
  accelerate to a maximum controlled speed at
  takeoff.
• The greater the velocity, or speed, at takeoff,
  the higher and longer the trajectory of the
  center of mass will be.
• The importance of a higher velocity at takeoff
  is a major factor in the success rate for many
  sprinters in this event.

4
The Approach of Long Jump
5
Joints and Muscles of Approach

• Muscles
• Concentric and Eccentric
• gluteus maximus
• hamstring
• -vasti
• - soleus
• Gastrocnemius
• tibialis
• Concentric
• rectus femoris
• soleus
• Joints Movement
• supination / pronation/ plantarflexion at ankle
• flexion and extension at the knee
• extention and flexion at the hip

6
Phase II- Take-off (TO)

• The objective of the takeoff is to create a
  vertical impulse through the athletes center of
  gravity while maintaining balance and control.
• This phase is one of the most technical parts of
  the long jump.
• While concentrating on foot placement, the
  athlete must also work to maintain proper body
  position, keeping the torso upright and moving
  the hips forward and up to achieve the maximum
  distance from board contact to foot release.
• There are four main styles of takeoff the kick
  style, double-arm style, sprint takeoff, and
  bounding takeoff. We will focus on the sprint
  take-off (TO).

7
TO board
8
The Sprint styles of TO

• The sprint takeoff is the style most widely
  instructed by coaching staff.
• This is a classic single-arm action that
  resembles a jumper in full stride.
• It is an efficient takeoff style for maintaining
  velocity through takeoff.

9
Sprint Take-off (TO)
10
Muscles and Joints of Sprint TO

• Muscles
• Concentric
• - hamstring
• Eccentric
• - Gluteus Maximus
• - rectus femoris
• Concentric and Eccentric
• - Vasti - soleus and gastrocnemius
• Joints movement
• Plantar-flexion and dorsi-flexion at ankle
• flexion and full extension at knee
• extension and flexion at hip
• Stabilization
• -hip acts as stabilizer

11
Phase III- Flight

• The objective of this phase is to counteract the
  natural forward rotation of the body from takeoff
  while maintaining an effective landing position.
• Once a competitor leaves contact with the ground
  there is nothing that can be done to alter the
  flight path of his or her center of gravity. What
  will affect the distance of the jump is the
  body position at landing.
• If a competitor was to leave the ground without
  taking any action to prevent forward rotation in
  the air, the body would naturally move into a
  facedown position as the velocity of the lower
  half of the body at takeoff is greater than the
  upper half of the body due to the contact with
  the ground.
• The three predominant in-the-air techniques used
  in the long jump in order of increasing
  difficulty of execution are the sail, hang, and
  hitch-kick. We will focus on the sail techniques.
  

12
The Sail Techniques of Flight

• The sail technique is one of the most basic long
  jump techniques practiced by competitors.
• After the takeoff phase is complete, the jumper
  immediately lifts the legs into a toe-touching
  position.
• This is useful for the beginner jumper, as it
  allows the competitor to move into the landing
  position early.
• The downside of this technique is that it does
  not counter the bodys natural tendency to rotate
  too far forward.

13
The Sail technique of Flight in the Long Jump
14
Muscles and Joints of Sail technique of Flight

• Muscles
• Concentric
• -gluteus maximus
• -soleus
• -gastrocnemius
• Eccentric
• -rectus femoris
• -Vastus medialis / lateralis
• Joints Movement
• - Flexion and extension at the hip
• extension and flexion at the knee
• Plantar-flexion ankle

15
Phase IV- Landing

• When landing, it is the primary objective of the
  jumper to not fall back in the landing pit.
• The jump is measured from the location in which
  the body contacts the sand closest to the takeoff
  point.
• For this reason many jumpers will work on keeping
  their feet in front of the body at a maximum
  distance from the hips.
• Upon landing, competitors will often use their
  arms in a sweeping motion to help keep the legs
  up and the body forward.
• Generally a jumper will bend the knees upon
  contacting the ground to cushion the impact on
  the body.

16
Landing
17
Muscles and Joints of Landing

• Muscles
• Concentric
• - quadriceps
• - hamstring
• - gluteus maximus
• Eccentric
• Gastrocnemius
• Joint Movements
• Dorsi-flexion at ankle,
• Flexion at knee and hip

18
Newton Laws

• Newtons Laws help to explain the relationship
  between forces and their impact on individual
  joints, as well as on total body motion.
• These concepts can help one understand athletic
  movements, improve athletic function, understand
  mechanisms of injury, treat and prevent injury.

19
Newtons 1st - Law of Inertia

• The body remain at rest or in motion except when
  compelled by an external force to change its
  state.
• The Approach
• The greater the velocity, or speed, at takeoff,
  the higher and longer the trajectory of the
  center of mass will be.
• Take-off (TO)
• The resistance to change in a bodys angular
  velocity depends on both the body center of mass
  and axis of rotation.
• In the Sail technique of flight
• at the point at which the legs are flexed that
  brings the center of mass to the AOR and inertia
  is increased.

20
Newton 2nd- Law of Acceleration

• The acceleration of the body is directly
  proportional to the force causing it. This takes
  place in the same direction in which the force
  acts and it is inversely proportional of the
  body.
• The Approach
• Has to be long enough to allow the body to
  transition from acceleration to the upright
  running phase that the jumper uses to reach
  maximum velocity on the last two strides.
• Approach Prior to Take-off (TO) creates greater
  impulse and momentum which results in an increase
  velocity.

21
Acceleration continue

• Take-Off (TO)
• Jumper gets ready to change force to a vertical
  position, slow down and changes direction.
• In take off in order for the jumper to create
  more acceleration, the jumper decreases moment of
  inertia.
• The jumper attempts to create as much force as
  quick as possible (decrease time) thus create
  increase peak force.
• Flight and Landing
• The acceleration created during the approach and
  take-off is the result of greater distance.

22
Newton 3rd -Law of Action-Reaction

• For every action, there is an equal and opposite
  reaction.
• Approach and take-off
• More force is created through the jumpers mass.
• The Flight
• During the Sail Technique the jumper brings the
  body to mid circumference which brings the body
  to a state of mass moment of Inertia making an
  increase of the radius of Gyration and an
  increase of distance between the axis of rotation
  and the center of mass.

23
Applied forces

• Internal forces
• Forces act within the body.
• Internal forces can cause movement of the body
  segments at a joint, but cannot produce a change
  in motion of a bodys COM.
• So, the runner is able to travel forces at every
  joints
• External forces
• Forces that acts on a object/body as a result of
  its interaction with the environment
  surrounding.
• As the runner does the Approach phase the
  distance created acceleration and velocity
  allowing the runner to jump a greater distance.

24
Training

• The long jump generally requires training in a
  variety of areas. These areas include, but are
  not limited to, those listed below
• Jumping
• Long Jumpers tend to practice jumping 2-3 times a
  week.
• Over-distance running
• This is beneficial for building sprint
  endurance.
• Weight training
• It is customary for a long jumper to weight train
  up to 4 times a week, focusing mainly on quick
  movements involving the legs and trunk.
• Flexibility
• Effective flexibility works to prevent injury,
  which can be important for high impact events
  such as the long jump.

25
Activating Muscle and Recruitment of Nervous
System

• Increasing the number of muscular fibers
  activated to produce greater force or carry out a
  particular movement must be use in large muscle
  (e.g. thigh- recruitment of muscle).
• Active muscle force output varies over a wide
  gradiation in order to allow for appropriate use
  of force to carry out activity in a smooth and
  control manner.
• The contraction of the gastrocnemius and the
  quadriceps is crucial to produce a greater
  force. The multi-pennation at the gastrocnemius
  produce great force.

26
Limitations

• Take-off (TO)
• Jumpers must be conscious to place the foot flat
  on the ground, because jumping off either the
  heels or the toes will have negative effects on
  the jump.
• Taking off from the board heel-first will cause a
  breaking effect, which will decrease velocity and
  put strain on the joints.
• Jumping off the toes will decrease stabilization,
  putting the leg at risk of buckling or collapsing
  from underneath the jumper.

27
Long Jump
28
Long Jump Video
29
References

• Clifford, L. The take off drill for the long
  jump. n.d. PHD Department of Kinesiology The
  University of Michigan
• http//www.coachr.org/ij.htm
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/long.jump
• Neumann, D. Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal
  System. 2002. Human Kinetics.
• Seyfarth et al. Optimum take-off techniques and
  muscle design for long jump. 1999. Institute for
  sport medicine.

30
Five Questions

• 1. How many phases are there in the Long Jump?
• a. 7 phases
• b. 5 phases
• c. 4 phases
• d. none of the above
• 2. When landing it is the primary objective of
  the jumper not to ?
• a. bend his/her knees
• b. stand on the TO board
• c. fall back in the pit.
• d. none of the above
• 3. The second phase of a Long Jump is called
• a. landing
• b. approach
• c. take-off (TO)
• d. flight

31
Five Questions continue

• 4. What are both concentric and eccentric
  muscle(s) involve in Phase I- Approach?
• a. soleus
• b. hamstring
• c. rectus femoris
• d. gluteus maximus
• e all of the above
• 5. The phases of Long Jump, in its correct order
  are
• a. Landing, Flight, Take-off and Approach
• b. Take-off, Landing, Approach, and Flight
• c. Approach, Flight, Take-off and Landing
• d. Approach, Take-off, Flight and Landing