What

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Whats in a CELL?
Ehenside Science
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Who discovered cells?

• Robert Hooke was the first to describe cells
• He looked at cork cell walls ,named them cells
• They reminded him of the small rooms monks sleep
  in

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Who else?

• Anton Von Leeuwenhoek Danish curtain maker
  whose hobby was to make lenses.
• Saw tiny organisms in drinking water, called them
  Wee Beasties
• And animacules

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AND?

• Mattias Schleiden concluded all plants are made
  of cells
• Theodor Schwann concluded all animals are made
  of cells

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AND Lastly?

• Rudolph Virchow determined that cells come from
  other (pre-existing) cells.

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The Cell Theory

• 300 years of work! 3 Major points!
• Cells are the basic unit of structure and
  function in all organisms.
• All living things are made of one or more cells.
• All cells arise from other (pre-existing) cells.

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Previous to this they thought

• Cells arose by Spontaneous Generation

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Cell Size

• Cells size is limited by a cells surface
  area-to-volume ratio
• The bigger the cell, the more wastes must leave
  and the more nutrients must be taken inThe larger
  the cell, the more these substances must move to
  reach their destination

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Cell Size

• Reading Check How does a cells size affect the
  cells function?
• Smaller cells can move substances more
  efficiently than larger cells
• The smaller the better

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Cell Shape

• Larger cells shape has folds or shapes that
  increase surface area so it can get more
  macromolecules and get rid of waste better.

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Cell Specialization and Organization

• Cell specialization cells are specialized to
  perform certain functions
• Cell Organization
• Cells ? Tissues ? Organs ? Organ systems ?
  Organism

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Unicellular vs. Multicellular

• Unicellular single-celled organism
• Multicellular many-celled organism

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Prokaryote Versus Eukaryote

• Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound
  organelles
• plants animal, fungi
• Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane bound
  organellesbacterium

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Prokarytic cells

• Have ribosomes
• DNA that forms a loop
• Has enzymes
• Cytoplasm
• Lived 3.5 billion years ago

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Eukaryotic Cells 2 types

• Plants
• Chloroplasts
• Cell membrane
• And cell wall
• Organelles

• Animals
• Organelles
• Vesicles (AN ORGANELLE PLANTS DONT HAVE)

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Sections of the Cell

• Depending on the kingdom. From the outside in,
  major sections are
• Cell Wall
• Cell Membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Nucleus with DNA

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Cell Wall Chemistry

• Each kingdom has a different molecule that makes
  up most of the structure of the cell wall.
• Plants Cellulose (carbohydrate)
• Fungi Chitin (protein)
• Bacteria Peptidoglycan (protein)
• Protists variable
• Animals? NONE!

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Cell Wall

• Found outside of cell membrane in all plants and
  fungi, some bacteria and protists.
• Function is support and protection (does NOT
  control movement of molecules into and out of
  cell).

Outside cell
Inside cell
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The Cell Membrane
Structure A changing picture - shows the process
of science A fluid mosaic of lipids, proteins,
carbohydrates
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The Cell Membrane Continued

• Membrane Function
• Selectively permeable It allows some substances
  to pass through and does not allow others.

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Phospholipids?
A glycerol with two fatty acids and a phosphate
group.
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Fluid Mosaic Model
Cell Surface Marker
Receptor Protein
Transport Protein
Cholesterol
Phospholipid Tail
Phospholipid Head
Enzyme
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Nucleus

• Found in eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells.
• Surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
• Contains chromosomes made of DNA.

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Function of Nucleus

• Controls all cell processes.
• Holds DNA
• Tells when, where and how to make proteins to
  build organism.

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Cytoplasm

• Lies inside the cell membrane.
• Contains water and salts.
• Surrounds all the organelles, including the
  nucleus.
• Constant motion cytoplasmic streaming

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Organelles in Cells?

• Tiny functioning structure that carries out
  specific functions inside the cell.
• Only eukaryotes have all membrane bound
  organelles

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Your job now

• Discover the structure and function of organelles

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Organelles you need to know the function of

• Ribosome
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Golgi Apparatus

• Mitochondria
• Lysosome
• Microtubule
• Microfilament
• Cilium
• Flagellum
• Nucleus
• Nucleolus

• Vacuole
• Vesicle
• Plastid
• Chloroplast
• Leucoplast
• Chromaplast
• Centriole

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Ribosome

• Organelle where proteins are made.
• Not bound by membrane, found in both prokaryotic
  and eukarytotic cells.

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Highly folded membrane covered in ribosomes.
• Function make and transport proteins.
• Closer to nucleus and flatter than SER.
• The Super highway

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Highly folded membrane.
• Function make and transport fats.
• Farther from nucleus and more tubular than SER.

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Golgi Apparatus

• Packages, processes and ships fats and proteins.
• Associated with SER part of cell transport
  system.
• The Mail

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Mitochondrion

• Powerhouse of cell.
• Converts energy stored in sugars into a more
  usable form of energy called ATPs

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Lysosome

• Suicide bags.
• Membrane contains powerful digestive enzymes for
  breakdown of old cell parts or cell invaders.
• Clean up time!

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Lysosomes

• Found in animal cells only
• Break down lipids, carbohydrates proteins from
  food into particles that can be used by the cell
• Also break down dead organelles

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Microtubule / Microfilament

• Made mostly of protein.
• Tubules are larger and hollow.
• Function internal support and movement of
  organelles.
• Also important in cell division help move the
  chromosomes around.
• Together form the cytoskeleton.
• The Support Beams!

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Cilium / Flagellum

• Made mostly of proteins (structural)
• Help move cell or move material over surface of
  cell. (functional)
• Cilia short, many
• Flagella long, few

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Nucleus

• Control center of cell
• Contains chromatin, which is made of DNA.
• THE BRAINS!

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Vacuole

• Function storage container for water and
  dissolved minerals.
• Much larger in plants than in animals.

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Plastids

• Storage organelle only found in plants.
• Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and act as site
  of photosynthesis
• Leukoplasts store starch.
• Chromoplasts store other pigments (red, orange,
  yellow).

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Centriole

• Small tubular protein structures.
• Only in animal cells.
• Involved in cell division.

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Chloroplast

• Site of photosynthesis
• Converts sunlight to glucose.
• Only found in plant cells.

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Cell Energy

• From Chloroplasts to mitochondria
• From sunlight to Chemical energy
• Chlorplasts make glucose trapping energy
• Mitochondira break bonds in glucose releasing ATP
  energy for cells to use.

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