THE SUBJUNCTIVE

1
THE SUBJUNCTIVE
2
OVERVIEW THE THREE MOODS

• The subjunctive mood is an alternative set of
  verb forms found in the present, imperfect,
  perfect and pluperfect tenses but not in the
  future or future perfect (although a kind of
  future can be made with the verb esse (to be) and
  the future participle).
• The subjunctive seems originally to have been
  employed to emphasise something happening in
  someones mind (a wish, thought etc.) rather than
  in reality but this meaning is not obvious in all
  of its uses
• The ordinary verb forms you have been learning so
  far are known as the indicative mood and the
  forms of ordering someone to do something (e.g.
  vale, valete) make up the imperative mood.

3
MAIN USES

• Hopes, wishes, deliberation, possibility
• vivat Caesar! Long live Caesar! quid
  faciam What am I to do?
• When/since clauses with cum
• cum magister abesset, discipuli ludere inceperunt
  
  When the teacher was away, the
  students started to play
• Milites, cum hostes superavissent, in castra
  revenerunt
  When the soldiers had defeated the
  enemy, they went back to the camp.
• Purpose clauses
• Hannibal Alpes transivit ut Romanos in Italia
  oppugnaret
  Hannibal crossed the Alps so that he could
  attack the Romans in Italy
• Result clauses
• discipuli tantos clamores sustulerunt ut caput
  mihi doleret
  The students made so much noise
  that my head hurt.
• Reported questions
• eum rogavi ubi esset latrina I asked him
  where the toilet was.
• Reported commands/advice etc.
• centurio mihi imperavit ut carcerem custodirem
  
  The centurion ordered me to guard
  the prison
• Modestum monebo ne plura loquatur. Ill warn
  Modestus not to speak any more.
• Subordinate clauses in reported speech
• dicunt custodes publicos furem comprehendisse qui
  pecuniam abstulisset
• They say the police have caught the thief
  who had stolen the money
• Counter-factual or remote conditionals
• si Scipio Hannibalem non vicisset, Carthago
  domina Maris Mediterranei fuisset
  If Scipio had not defeated Hannibal,
  Carthage would have been mistress of the
  Mediterranean.

4
PRESENT TENSE

• Like footballers exchanging shirts at the end of
  a game, 1st conjugation (infinitive in are) and
  all other regular verbs (infinitives in
  ere/ere/ire) form the present subjunctive with
  the other sides signature vowel, adding
  personal endings after removing o from the
  first person singular indicative
• The first conjugation uses e instead of a
  (e.g. amat gt amet)
• The other conjugations all use a(e.g dicit gt
  dicat, monet gt moneat, audit gt audiat
• The only other change is using m instead of o
  as the first person singular ending e.g. amo gt
  amem

5
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH
INFINITIVE IN -ARE

• amem

6
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH
INFINITIVE IN -ARE

• amem
• ames

7
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH
INFINITIVE IN -ARE

• amem
• ames
• amet

8
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH
INFINITIVE IN -ARE

• amem
• ames
• amet
• amemus

9
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH
INFINITIVE IN -ARE

• amem
• ames
• amet
• amemus
• ametis

10
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH
INFINITIVE IN -ARE

• amem
• ames
• amet
• amemus
• ametis
• ament

11
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVE
IN -ARE

• amer

12
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVE
IN -ARE

• amer
• ameris

13
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVE
IN -ARE

• amer
• ameris
• ametur

14
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVE
IN -ARE

• amer
• ameris
• ametur
• amemur

15
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVE
IN -ARE

• amer
• ameris
• ametur
• amemur
• amemini

16
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVE
IN -ARE

• amer
• ameris
• ametur
• amemur
• amemini
• amentur

17
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES
IN -ERE

• moneam

18
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES
IN -ERE

• moneam
• moneas

19
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES
IN -ERE

• moneam
• moneas
• moneat

20
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES
IN -ERE

• moneam
• moneas
• moneat
• moneamus

21
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES
IN -ERE

• moneam
• moneas
• moneat
• moneamus
• moneatis

22
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES
IN -ERE

• moneam
• moneas
• moneat
• moneamus
• moneatis
• moneant

23
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH
INFINITIVES IN -ERE

• monear

24
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH
INFINITIVES IN -ERE

• monear
• monearis

25
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH
INFINITIVES IN -ERE

• monear
• monearis
• moneatur

26
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH
INFINITIVES IN -ERE

• monear
• monearis
• moneatur
• moneamur

27
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH
INFINITIVES IN -ERE

• monear
• monearis
• moneatur
• moneamur
• moneamini

28
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH
INFINITIVES IN -ERE

• monear
• monearis
• moneatur
• moneamur
• moneamini
• moneantur

29
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES
IN -ERE

• regam

30
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES
IN -ERE

• regam
• regas

31
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES
IN -ERE

• regam
• regas
• regat

32
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES
IN -ERE

• regam
• regas
• regat
• regamus

33
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES
IN -ERE

• regam
• regas
• regat
• regamus
• regatis

34
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES
IN -ERE

• regam
• regas
• regat
• regamus
• regatis
• regant

35
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH
INFINITIVES IN -ERE

• regar

36
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH
INFINITIVES IN -ERE

• regar
• regaris

37
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH
INFINITIVES IN -ERE

• regar
• regaris
• regatur

38
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH
INFINITIVES IN -ERE

• regar
• regaris
• regatur
• regamur

39
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH
INFINITIVES IN -ERE

• regar
• regaris
• regatur
• regamur
• regamini

40
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH
INFINITIVES IN -ERE

• regar
• regaris
• regatur
• regamur
• regamini
• regantur

41
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES
IN -IRE

• audiam

42
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES
IN -IRE

• audiam
• audias

43
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES
IN -IRE

• audiam
• audias
• audiat

44
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES
IN -IRE

• audiam
• audias
• audiat
• audiamus

45
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES
IN -IRE

• audiam
• audias
• audiat
• audiamus
• audiatis

46
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES
IN -IRE

• audiam
• audias
• audiat
• audiamus
• audiatis
• audiant

47
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH
INFINITIVES IN -IRE

• audiar

48
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH
INFINITIVES IN -IRE

• audiar
• audiaris

49
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH
INFINITIVES IN -IRE

• audiar
• audiaris
• audiatur

50
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH
INFINITIVES IN -IRE

• audiar
• audiaris
• audiatur
• audiamur

51
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH
INFINITIVES IN -IRE

• audiar
• audiaris
• audiatur
• audiamur
• audiamini

52
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH
INFINITIVES IN -IRE

• audiar
• audiaris
• audiatur
• audiamur
• audiamini
• audiantur

53
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM

• sim

54
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM

• sim
• sis

55
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM

• sim
• sis
• sit

56
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM

• sim
• sis
• sit
• simus

57
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM

• sim
• sis
• sit
• simus
• sitis

58
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM

• sim
• sis
• sit
• simus
• sitis
• sint

59
IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

• The base for this tense is formed by adding the
  personal endings (-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt in
  the active) to the infinitive and lengthening the
  e where possible. Latin vowels cannot normally be
  long before nt or ever, in words of more than one
  syllable, before final m, t or r, so we get
  -em, es, -et, -emus, -etis, -ent (active) and
  -er, eris, -etur, -emur, -emini, -entur
  (passive)
• For example
• amare gt amarem, amares, amaret etc.
• audire gt audirem, audires, audiret etc.
• esse gt essem, esses, esset etc.
• ferre gt ferrem, ferres, ferret etc.

60
IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE

• regerem

61
IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE

• regerem
• regeres

62
IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE

• regerem
• regeres
• regeret

63
IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE

• regerem
• regeres
• regeret
• regeremus

64
IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE

• regerem
• regeres
• regeret
• regeremus
• regeretis

65
IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE

• regerem
• regeres
• regeret
• regeremus
• regeretis
• regerent

66
IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE

• regerer

67
IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE

• regerer
• regereris

68
IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE

• regerer
• regereris
• regeretur

69
IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE

• regerer
• regereris
• regeretur
• regeremur

70
IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE

• regerer
• regereris
• regeretur
• regeremur
• regeremini

71
IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE

• regerer
• regereris
• regeretur
• regeremur
• regeremini
• regerentur

72
PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

• The base for this tense is formed by taking the
  final e from the perfect infinitive and adding
  the endings em, es, -et, -emus, etis, ent
• For example
• amavisse gt amavissem, amavisses, amavisset etc.
• audivisse gt audivissem, audivisses, audivisset
  etc.
• fuisse gt fuissem, fuisses, fuisset etc.
• tulisse gt tulissem, tulisses, tulisset etc.

73
PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE

• rexissem

74
PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE

• rexissem
• rexisses

75
PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE

• rexissem
• rexisses
• rexisset

76
PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE

• rexissem
• rexisses
• rexisset
• rexissemus

77
PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE

• rexissem
• rexisses
• rexisset
• rexissemus
• rexissetis

78
PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE

• rexissem
• rexisses
• rexisset
• rexissemus
• rexissetis
• rexissent

79
PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE

• rectus essem

80
PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE

• rectus essem
• rectus esses

81
PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE

• rectus essem
• rectus esses
• rectus esset

82
PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE

• rectus essem
• rectus esses
• rectus esset
• recti essemus

83
PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE

• rectus essem
• rectus esses
• rectus esset
• recti essemus
• recti essetis

84
PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE

• rectus essem
• rectus esses
• rectus esset
• recti essemus
• recti essetis
• recti essent

85
PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

• This tense in the active voice is very similar to
  the Future Perfect tense of the indicative but
  has erim instead of ero for the first person
  singular.
• In the second person singular and the first and
  second person plural the i linking the personal
  endings to the stem was originally long, but
  later became short. However, poets still make the
  i long if it suits their metre! The Future
  perfect always has eris, -erimus, -eritis but
  the Perfect Subjunctive has -eris or -eris,
  -erimus or -erimus, -eritis or eritis. For
  example
• Mihi dic num pensum perfeceritis (or
  perfeceritis)
• Tell me whether you have finished the job
• The i in -erit and erint is never long (since
  only short vowels are allowed before nt or final
  t)
• The PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE is made with the
  perfect participle and the PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE of
  sum (i.e. sim, sis, sit, simus, sitis, sint )

86
PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE

• rexerim

87
PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE

• rexerim
• rexeris (or eris)

88
PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE

• rexerim
• rexeris (or eris)
• rexerit

89
PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE

• rexerim
• rexeris (or eris)
• rexerit
• rexerimus(or erimus)

90
PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE

• rexerim
• rexeris (or eris)
• rexerit
• rexerimus(or erimus)
• rexeritis (or eritis)

91
PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE

• rexerim
• rexeris (or eris)
• rexerit
• rexerimus(or erimus)
• rexeritis (or eritis)
• rexerint

92
PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE

• rectus sim

93
PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE

• rectus sim
• rectus sis

94
PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE

• rectus sim
• rectus sis
• rectus sit

95
PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE

• rectus sim
• rectus sis
• rectus sit
• recti simus

96
PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE

• rectus sim
• rectus sis
• rectus sit
• recti simus
• recti sitis

97
PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE

• rectus sim
• rectus sis
• rectus sit
• recti simus
• recti sitis
• recti sint