Exercise Physiology

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Exercise Physiology
Huang Wen Ying Ph.D.,Prof ??? ?? Institute of
Physiology Physical education school of
JXNU Email wenying_at_jxnu.edu.cn Mobile[phone]
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Introduction

• Section I subjects studied in Exercise Physiology

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Concept of Physiology

• Physiology belongs a branch of biology
• What is Physiology?

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• Physiology is the science of studying the
  functional activities and its mechanisms in
  biological body. For example why can heart
  automatically beat?

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• Physiology (from the Greek physis nature logos
  study) is the study of biological functionof
  how the body works, from cell to tissue, tissue
  to organ, organ to system, and of how the
  organism as a whole accomplishes particular
  tasks essential for life.
• In the study of physiology, the emphasis is on
  mechanismswith questions that begin with the
  word how and answers that involve cause-and-
  effect sequences. These sequences can be woven
  into larger and larger stories that include
  descriptions of the structures involved (anatomy)
  and that overlap with the sciences of chemistry
  and physics.

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Physiology is also an experiment science .Why?

• the theories about the functional activities are
  based on the experiments
• British physiologist, William Harvey set up the
  modern physiology. Observed that blood flows in
  heart and vascular system.

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• In 1628,ltltHeart and movement of bloodgtgt was
  published. It is the first book of physiology
  based on experiment.

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Field of Physiology

• Each type of life has its own functional
  characteristics.
• Physiology can be divided into viral physiology,
  bacterial physiology, cellular physiology, plant
  physiology, human physiology, and many more
  subdivisions.

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• Human physiology is the science of studying the
  rule of physiological functions in human body.

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• Exercise Physiology A branch of physiology
• that focus on exercise capacity and its
  reaction
• and adaptation.
• Task Review Regulation and mechanism of the
  Sports impaction on the human body functions.
• Elucidation the physiological principle in Sports
  training, physical education . Guidance improve
  the quality of human life. ?

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Investigation levels and methods physiology

• A) Investigation levels
• (1) Cell and Molecular level
• The basic living unit of the body is the cell,
  and each organ is an aggregation of many
  different cells held together by intercellular
  supporting structures.
• Cell level research to understand the
  function of the organ.

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• The physiological characteristics of cells depend
  on the physical and chemical features of the big
  chemical molecules consisting of the cells.
• molecular level research to study the functions
  of cells. For instant myocyte contraction

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• Gene expression can also influence the functions
  of cells.
• Gene levels research
• molecular biological methods for molecular
  level and cell level research

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Organ and system levels

• The goals are to explore the effects of organs
  and systems for human body and how to perform
  their activities, and the affecting factors.

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• For example What is the function of respiratory
  system? How are the exchange of O2 and CO2? Which
  factors can influence this exchange process?
• Organ and System Physiology

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Integral level

• The aims are to study interactions among organs
  and systems, and interaction between human body
  and environment.

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• Human being has complicated emotional activity
  and psychological activity, these activities can
  affect many somatic activity(????)and visceral
  activity(????)and cause the relative behavior.

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Experiment methods for physiological study

• (1)acute experiment(????)
• A Experiment in vitro(????)
• Advantages
• a) experiment condition is easy to be
  controlled.
• b) To easily analyze the results

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• B Experiment in vivo(????)
• (2)Chronic experiment(????)
• Many conditioning reflex experiments are chronic
  experiments.
• Advantages
• a) To observe continuously the activities in
  conscious condition
• b) The findings are similar to physiological
  state.

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• Shortcoming
• The conditions in the body are so complicated to
  analyze the results.

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Section II Internal environment and
Homeostasis(??????)

• lt1gtInternal environment of extracellular
  fluid(????)
• lt2gtbody fluid
• (1)intracellular fluid 2/3
• (2) extracellular fluid 1/3

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• extracellular fluid
• (1)plasma 1/4
• (2)interstial fluid and fluid inside the
  cavities (greater peritoneal body cavity?? etc.)
  3/4

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• In the extracellular fluid are ions and nutrients
  needed by the cell. All cells live in essentially
  the same environment,the extracellular fluid
  called the internal environment, a term
  introduced more than 100 years ago by French
  physiologist Claude Bernard.

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Homeostasis

• used by physiologists to mean maintenance of
  constant conditions in the internal environment.
• All of the organs and tissues perform function to
  help maintain these constant conditions.

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• For instant lungs provide oxygen Kidneys
  maintain ions concentrations
• U.S.A Physiologist Walter Canmon combined Homeo
  with stasis to make up the term, Homeostatis.

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Homeostatis

• the various physiological arrangements which
  serve to restore the normal state, once it has
  been disturbed.
• Including tow meaning
• (1)relatively stable
• (2)the control process maintaining the constant
  conditions of internal environment

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Section III Regulation of Body Functions
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Nervous regulation (????)

• Reflex the basic active manner of nervous
  regulation
• Reflex arc including 5 parts Receptor--gtafferent
  -gtreaction center-gtefferent-gtEffector
• Conditioning reflex and unconditioning reflex
• Conditioning reflex set up after birth
• Unconditioning reflex set up before birth

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Humoral regulation (????)

• including
• (1)hormonal regulation
• the hormones secreted by endocrine glands act on
  the receptors of cells
• (2)local chemical regulation paracrine(???)

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Nervous - Humoral regulation(??????)

• Many endocrine glands are not independent on
  nervous system, they are regulated directly or
  indirectly by nervous system, so the humoral
  regulation is believed as one loop of nervous
  system, i.e. nervous humoral regulation

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• For example
• Sympathetic nerve excites-gtE.P(epinephrine) and
  noradrenaline secreted by medulla of adrenal
  gland-gta?ß receptors excitation in cardiac
  vascular system-gt heart rate? and blood vessels
  contract -gt BP(blood pressure) ?
•  

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Autoregulation(????)

• The regulation is not dependended on nervous
  system or humoral regulation. The cells or
  tissues themselves can response to stimulus.
• For instant vascular smooth muscles can
  contract when they are stimulated by stretch
  stimuli.

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Section IV Control systems of the body
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• To use cybernetics concept to analyze the
  functional regulation in human body
• (1)Non automatic control system (???????)
  belongs open loop system(????)
• Feature controlled system does not affect the
  activities of control system.
• For instant depress reaction

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• lt2gt Feedback control system(??????) belongs a
  closed loop system(????) automatic control (????)
• (1)Negative feedback the more product or result
  you have, the less you get.
• For example the arterial pressure regulating
  mechanism.

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• (2)Positive feedback the more product of result
  you have, the more you get.
• For instance childbirth, the generation of nerve
  signals.

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Section V current the search focus

• (A) VO2max (B) the Recognition of oxygen debt
  theory (C) Lactic acid threshold of the
  individual (D) Fatigue (5) free radicals
• (6) muscle contraction and protein metabolism
• (7) The research of muscle fiber types (8) The
  impact of exercise on heart function
• (9) Exercise and weight control (10) Movement
  and the Immune Function

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Section VI of the development trend of exercise
physiology

• 1, More micro-level study
• 2, More macro-level study 3, innovative
  research methods 4,The attention of applied
  research 5, Field expanding

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• Think 1.What is task of Exercise physiology
  research? 2.What is the basic characteristic of
  Life? 3.How to control the regulation of the
  body's physiological function? 4.How many
  methods does Exercise physiology research have?
  5.Which are the major Current research hot spots
  in exercise physiology?

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Reference

• 1????????????
• 2?????????????????
• 2???????
• 3? Thomas M. Nosek Essentials of Human
  Physiology
• 4?Fox Human Physiology,Eighth Edition