Chapter 2 An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology

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Chapter 2An Integrative Approach to
Psychopathology
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One-Dimensional vs. Multidimensional Models

• One-Dimensional Models (single Paradigm)
• A conceptual approach
• Could mean an emphasis on a specific cause of
  abnormal behavior
• Problems occur when information from other areas
  is ignored
• Multidimensional Models (draws from multiple
  paradigms)
• Interdisciplinary, eclectic, and integrative
• System of influences that cause and maintain
  suffering
• Draws upon information from several sources
• View abnormal behavior as multiply determined

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Multidimensional Models of Abnormal Behavior

• Biological Factors (genetics, physiology,
  neurobiology)
• Learning Factors (conditioning, modeling)
• Emotional Factors
• Cognitive Factors
• Social Factors
• Cultural Factors

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Multidimensional Models of Abnormal Behavior
(cont.)

• Figure 2.1
• Judys case one-dimensional or multidimensional
  models

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Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology

• Biological Paradigm
• Phenotype vs. genotype

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The Interaction of Genetic and Environmental
Effects

• Gene-Environment Interactions
• The Diathesis-Stress Model
• Predisposition
• Stress

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Ways to study Behavioral Genetics

• Family Method
• Index cases
• Twin Studies
• DZ
• MZ
• Adoptees Method

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Neuroscience Contributions to Psychopathology

• The Field of Neuroscience
• The role of the nervous system in disease and
  behavior
• The Central Nervous System (CNS)
• Brain and spinal cord
• The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• Somatic and autonomic branches

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Neuroscience Contributions to Psychopathology
(cont.)

• Figure 2.4
• Divisions of the nervous system (from Goldstein,
  1994)

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Neuroscience and the Central Nervous System

• The Neuron
• Soma Cell body
• Dendrites Branches that receive messages from
  other neurons
• Axon Trunk of neuron that sends messages to
  other neurons
• Axon terminals Buds at end of axon from which
  chemical messages are sent
• Synapses Small gaps that separate neurons
• Neurons Function Electrically, but Communicate
  Chemically
• Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers

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Neuroscience and the Central Nervous System
(cont.)

• Figure 2.5
• Transmission of information from one neuron to
  another

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Neuroscience Functions of MainTypes of
Neurotransmitters

• Functions of Neurotransmitters
• Agonists
• Antagonists

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Neuroscience Functions of MainTypes of
Neurotransmitters

• Main Types and Functions of Neurotransmitters
• Serotonin (SSRIs St. Johns wort) -
• Regulates behaviors, moods, thoughts
• Tx Depression by serotonin
• Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and
  benzodiazepines
• Reduces postsynaptic activity, which inhibits
  behavior and emotions
• Tx Anxiety by GABA
• Norepinephrine and beta blockers
• Tx block receptors of norepinephrine reduces
  Arousal anxiety
• Dopamine
• Tx Schizophrenia by blocking receptors (lowers
  Dop)

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Neuroscience Functions of MainTypes of
Neurotransmitters (cont.)

• Figure 2.11
• Manipulating serotonin in the brain

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Neuroscience and the Divisions of the Brain

• Hindbrain
• Medulla Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration
• Pons Regulates sleep stages
• Cerebellum Involved in physical coordination
• Midbrain
• Coordinates movement with sensory input
• Contains parts of the reticular activating system
  (RAS)

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Neuroscience and the Brain Structure

• Limbic System
• Thalamus Receives and integrates sensory
  information
• Hypothalamus Controls eating, drinking,
  aggression, sexual activity
• Regulates emotions and expressions

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Neuroscience and the Divisions of the Brain

• Forebrain (Cerebral Cortex)
• Location of most sensory, emotional, and
  cognitive processing
• Two specialized hemispheres (left and right)
  joined by the corpus callosum

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Neuroscience and the Brain Structure

• Lobes of Cerebral Cortex
• Frontal Thinking and reasoning abilities,
  memory
• Parietal Touch recognition
• Occipital Integrates visual input
• Temporal Recognition of sounds and long-term
  memory storage

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Neuroscience Peripheral Nervous and Endocrine
Systems

• Somatic Branch of PNS
• Controls voluntary muscles and movement
• Autonomic Branch of the PNS
• Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the
  ANS
• Regulates cardiovascular system body
  temperature
• Also regulates the endocrine system and aids in
  digestion
• The Endocrine System
• Hormones

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Neuroscience Peripheral Nervous andEndocrine
Systems (cont.)

• Figure 2.9
• Location of some of the major endocrine glands

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EVALUATING THE BIOLOGICAL PARADIGM

• Biological researchers have made great progress
  in elucidating brain-behavior relationships.
• Biologically based research on both causes and
  treatment of psychopathology is proceeding at a
  rapid rate, as we will see when we discuss
  specific psychopathologies
• Caution against reductionism
• The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

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The Contributions of Behavioral and Cognitive
Science

• Conditioning and Cognitive Processes
• Respondent and operant learning
• Learned helplessness
• Modeling and vicarious learning
• Prepared learning
• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
• Beck
• Cognitive distortions
• Ellis
• Irrational beliefs

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EVALUATING THE COGNITIVE PARADIGM

• Interventions based on cognitive theories have
  received more empirical research support than any
  other intervention.
• Cognitive explanations of psychopathology tend to
  focus more on current determinants of a disorder
  and less on its cause.

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The Role of Emotion in Psychopathology

• The Nature of Emotion
• To motivate us
• Action tendency different from affect and mood
• Intimately tied with several forms of
  psychopathology
• Components of Emotion
• Behavior, physiology, and cognition
• Example of fear
• Harmful Side of Emotional Dysregulation

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The Role of Emotion in Psychopathology (cont.)

• Figure 2.15
• Emotion has three important and overlapping
  components behavior, cognition, and physiology

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Cultural and Social Factors in Psychopathology

• Cultural Factors
• Influence the form and expression of normal and
  abnormal behavior
• Gender Effects
• Exerts a strong and puzzling effect on
  psychopathology
• Social Relationships
• Frequency and quality related to mortality,
  disease, and psychopathology
• Stigma

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Life-Span and DevelopmentalInfluences Over
Psychopathology

• Life-Span Developmental Perspective
• Addresses developmental changes
• Such changes influence and constrain what is
  normal and abnormal
• The Principle of Equifinality
• Several paths to a given outcome
• Paths may operate differentially at different
  developmental stages

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Summary of the MultidimensionalPerspective of
Psychopathology

• Multiple Causation
• Is the rule, not the exception in explaining
  normal and abnormal behavior
• Take a Broad, Comprehensive, Systemic Perspective
• Addressing biological, psychological, social,
  cultural, and developmental factors
• Useful in Understanding the Causes of
  Psychopathology and its Alleviation