Mr. Manskopf

1
WASTE MANAGEMENT
Chapter 19
2
Love Canal, New YorkWhen Waste is Not Disposed
of Properly

• 1942 to 1958 Hooker Chemicals Disposal Site
• 1953 Sold to Niagara Falls School Board (school,
  housing)
• 1976 Residents becoming sick
• 1978 Lois Gibbs leads outcry
• 1980 Declared Disaster Site
• 2004 Taken off Superfund List

3
Section 1 Wasting Resources

• Why should we care about solid waste?
• How much waste does the U.S. produce?
• What is in the garbage?
• The throw away mentality OUT of SIGHT OUT OF
  MIND

4
Solid Waste

• Unwanted or discarded material that is not liquid
  or gas
• Out of sight Out of Mind
• No Waste In Nature
• Two Reasons to Be Concerned
• Wasted Resources
• Causes huge amounts of air, water, land pollution
  and soil erosion

5
Wasting Resources

• Industrial and agricultural waste

• Municipal solid waste

Fig. 24-2 p. 533

• US 11 billion metric tons/year

6
Affluenza In Action

• U.S. produces 1/3rd of worlds solid waste and
  buries ½ of it
• Most waste comes from mining, oil, gas, ag.,
  sewage, industry
• Think about a simple product like a computerhow
  much waste produced to create it (Life Cycle)

7
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

• 1.5 of Solid Waste is MSW
• Between 1960 and 1990 per capita MSW grown
  70...why do you think that is?
• 38 is paper, 12 yard waste, 11 food waste, 10
  platics
• E-Waste Growing FAST

8
MSW
9
(No Transcript)
10
MSW Continued

• Garbologists findings
• 50 year old newspapers still readable
• Pork Chops decades old
• WHY DO THEY NOT DECOMPOSE????.....what do things
  need to decompose

11
MSW Continued

• Enough disposable diapers each year linked
  together would go to moon and back 7 times
• Enough office paper to build a wall 11 feet high
  between NYC and SF

12
What are the options for dealing with waste?

• Waste management (high waste approach)
• Waste is part of economic growth, lets manage
  negatives

• Burying, burning, shipping

• Waste prevention (low waste approach)
• Before product is produced look to minimize life
  cycle

• Reduce, reuse, recycle

13
Six Ideas For Less Waste

1. Consume less Do we Really NEED this?
2. Redesign products to use less resources How can
   we make this product using less resources
   throughout their life cycle
3. Redesign to use and make less pollution Toxic
   substances etc.

14
Six Ideas For Less Waste

• 4) Develop products that are easier to repair,
  reuse, remanufacture, compost or recycle
• 5) Design products to last longer
• 6) Eliminate or reduce packaging (nude packaging)

15
(No Transcript)
16
Methods of Solid Waste Disposal
17
Burning and Burying

• What are advantages and disadvantages of burning
  solid waste?
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of
  burying solid waste?

18
Typical Waste to Energy Plant (incinerator)
19
(No Transcript)
20
Burning Wastes
21
Burning Waste

• Japan and Switzerland over 50, U.S. about 16
• More than 280 project canceled in U.S. due to
  high costs, concern among citizens, air pollution
  etc.

22
Burying Wastes

• Open dumps

• Sanitary landfills

• Leachate collection

• Monitoring wells

• Emit greenhouse gases (CO2 and methane)

23
Sanitary Landfill
Fig. 24-14 p. 547
24
(No Transcript)
25
And what about all of the older landfills around
U.S. and the rest of the world???
26
NIMBY

• Not In My Back Yard common with landfills and
  incinerators

27
Review Costs and Benefits Landfills
Benefits Costs
Decomposition yields methane, which can be used like natural gas. Leachate may eventually escape and contaminate the groundwater.
When full, landfills are capped. The land can be used for recreation. Trash decomposes very slowly.
Few communities are willing to host landfills (NIMBY).
28
Review Costs and Benefits of Incineration
Benefits Costs
Incinerating waste reduces its weight by up to 75 and volume by up to 90. Toxic ash must be disposed of.
Heat from burning trash can be used to generate electricity (waste-to-energy). Dioxins, heavy metals, and PCBs can be created and released by burning waste.
29
Section 2 Minimizing Waste

• How can we reduce, reuse, recycle our waste?

30
What is REUSE?
Cleaning and using the material over and over
again increasing the lifespan of the product
31
Junkyards and salvaging wood from old homes etc.
32
Not Reuse
33
Reuse Benefits

• Extends resource supplies

• Saves energy and money

• Reduces pollution

• Create jobs

• Reusable products

34
Reuse Costs

• Waste (especially e-waste) can contain harmful
  substancesespecially heavy metals

Many eke out living scavenging for waste in large
open dumps
35
Some Success

• 95 of Finlands soft drink, beer, wine bottles
  reused
• Germany about 3/4th are refilled

36
Other examples of Reuse
Shopping bags and tool libraries
37
(No Transcript)
38
(No Transcript)
39
Recycling

• What is recycling?
• What is composting?
• How should we recycle solid waste?
• How much waste paper is being recycled?
• How feasible is recycling plastics?
• Why isnt more reused and recycled?

40
What is recycling?

• Reprocessing solid waste into new useful products
• 5 Categories in US Household Recycling
• Paper Products
• Glass
• Aluminum
• Steel
• Some plastics

41
(No Transcript)
42
Characteristics of Recyclable Materials

• Easily isolated from other waste

• Available in large quantities

• Valuable

43
Recycling Rates

• Switzerland, Japan 50
• U.S. 30 up from 6.4 in 1960
• 60-80 is achievable

44
Wastepaper Recycling

• Easy to recycle
• Removing ink, glue coating and reconverting into
  pulp
• 42 of world tree harvest is for paper
• Currently U.S. recycles 49 of waste paper
• Making paper has big enviro impact

45
Wastepaper Recycling
46
How plastics are made

• Recycling plastic is difficult chemically and
  economically
• 10 in U.S. recycled
• Different resins
• Low cost of oil
• Biodegradable plastics (bioplatics) offer hope

47
Types of Plastic
48
Economics of Recycling

• Paper, aluminum, steel are easy to recycle and
  make easy economic sense
• CRITICS 1) plenty of landfill space, 2) Glass
  and plastic expensive to recycle
• Employs 1.1 million people

49
Why we dont recycle more

• Enviro Costs not included (externalities)
• Too few government subsidies
• Tipping fees at landfills cheap
• Price fluctuations for goods
• Often dont PAUT
• Life cycle costs often not factored in

50
Did You Know? States with bottle bills
(consumers receive a refund per returned bottle
or can) have reduced their beverage container
litter by 6984 and total litter by 3064.
51
Composting

• Composting organic waste mimics nature
• Only 5 of yard waste composted in U.S.could
  easily be raised to 35
• Compost used as fertilizer, topsoil and help
  restore eroded land

52
Composting
53
Section 7 Hazardous Waste

• What is hazardous waste?
• What can we do with hazardous waste?
• How can we detoxify waste?
• What are advantages and disadvantages of burying
  hazardous wastes?
• What are Brownfields?

54
What is Hazardous Waste?

• Any discarded solid or liquid that is toxic,
  ignitable, corrosive or reactive enough to
  explode or release toxic fumes.
• 80-90 from developed countries
• 72 from Petro-Chem
• 22 mining

55
What is hazardous waste?

• Ignitable Can catch fire
• Corrosive Can damage or destroy metals
• Reactive Chemically unstable can explode or
  produce fumes when combined with water
• Toxic Harmful or fatal when inhaled, ingested,
  or touched

56
(No Transcript)
57

• Common sources of hazardous waste include
  batteries, cleaning agents, paints, and
  pesticides.

58
Case Study Bhopal India

• 1984 Worlds worst industrial accident
• Union Carbide pesticide plant explosion
• Toxic cloud settled over region killing 23,000
• 120,000 to 150,000 suffer chronic illnesses
  related to accident

59
Hazardous Waste Disposal

• Landfills Specifically designed to keep
  hazardous waste contained
• Surface impoundment Liquid waste poured into
  shallow lined pits water evaporates and solid
  waste is transported elsewhere
• Deep-well injection (see diagram on right)
  Wastes injected into deep, confined porous rock
  layers

60
Hazardous Waste Landfill
61
Surface Impoundments Trade-offs
62
Brownfields

• Abandoned industrial and other hazardous waste
  site
• Factories, junk yards, gas stations
• Usually older urban areas like Camden are full of
  them

63
Brownfields

• Can be cleaned up and reborn as parks, industrial
  parks, etc.
• First need to be cleaned
• Some developers weary of taking risks and costs

64
Brownfields
65
One example of many in Camden http//www.state.nj
.us/dep//srp/brownfields/bda/n_camden.htm
66
Case Studies Lead

• Lead poisoning major problem in children

Primary Sources of Lead

• Leaded gasoline (phased out by 1986)

• Lead paint (banned in 1970)

• Lead in plumbing

• Progress is being made in reducing lead

67
Case Studies Mercury

• Vaporized elemental Mercury

• Fish contaminated with methylmercury

• Natural inputs

• Emission control

• Prevention of contamination

68
(No Transcript)
69
(No Transcript)
70
Case Studies Dioxins

• Potentially highly toxic chlorinated hydrocarbons

Sources of Dioxins

• Waste incineration

• Fireplaces

• Coal-fired power plants

• Paper production

• Sewage sludge

71
Hazardous Waste Regulation in the U.S.

• What is RCRA?
• What is Superfund?

72
Hazardous Waste Regulation in the United States

• Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
• (RCRA)

• Comprehensive Environmental Response,
  Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund)

• National Priority List

• Polluter-pays principle

73
RCRA

• 1976 Passed By Congress amended 1984
• ID Hazardous Waste and set standards
• Companies that deal with Haz. Waste over 220 lbs.
  must get permits
• Cradle to Grave tracking and submit proof to EPA

74
CERCLA

• Commonly called Superfund
• Passed in 1980 (NJ Congressman leaders)
• Established tax on on chemicals to
• 1) ID abandoned dumps sites
• 2) Clean up groundwater
• 3) Establish NPL list for cleanups

75
http//www.scorecard.org/env-releases/land/
76
Why do you think NJ has so many?
77
CERCLA

• Responsible parties must pay
• If no party can be found clean ups down using
  from tax on oil and chemical companies (tax
  expired 1995)
• 1,250 NPL sites113 in NJ
• About 72 clean up underway avg. 20 million per
  site

78
CERCLA

• Some estimates 10,000 sites could cost 1
  trillionpollution prevention cheaper?
• Toxic Release Inventory www.epa.gov/tri

79
Polluter Pays Principle

• Who should pay for cleanup when responsible
  parties can not be found?
• Currently tax payers
• 1 in 4 Americans live within 4 miles of Superfund
  NPL site

80
(No Transcript)