(r. 1924-1953)

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JOSEPH STALIN

• (r. 1924-1953)

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BIOGRAPHY

• 1878 1953
• Joseph Dzhugashvili
• Gori, Georgia
• Peasant Father Boot maker
• Pocky (Age 7)
• 1899 expelled from Seminary School
• 1902 imprisoned exiled to Siberia
• 1904 Escaped Siberia
• 1905 met Lenin
• 1911 editor of Pravda
• 1917 Commissar of Nationalities

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RISE TO POWER

• 1878 1953
• Man of Steel
• Socialism in One Country
• General Secretary of the Communist Party (1922)
• Power command of bureaucratic and
  administrative control
• Admission to the party and promotion within it
• 10,000 appointments regional, district, city ,
  and town party secretaries

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WE ARE FIFTY OR ONE HUNDRED YEARS BEHIND THE
ADVANCE COUNTRIES. WE MUST MAKE GOOD THIS
DISTANCE IN TEN YEARS- Stalin
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TROTSKY vs. STALIN

• Lev Davidovich Bronshtein
• Trotsky (1879 1940)
• Commissar for War
• Leader of the Red Army
• Permanent Revolution
• World Revolution
• Left wing Bolsheviks
• 1927 expelled from the Communist party
• 1929 exiled from Russia

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MARISM-LENINISM-STALINISM

• Revokes the NEP
• Five-Year Plans Rapid Industrialization
• Collectivization - Agricultural
• Revolution from above
• Cultural Revolution
• Worker/Police State
• Totalitarian Dictatorship
• Cult of Personality

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FIVE-YEAR PLANS

• 5 YEAR PLANS (1928) first of many
• Economic, social, and political revolution
• Rapid Industrialization
• Revoked the NEP (too capitalistic)
• Iron, Steel, machines, electric, transportation
• Economic Growth Heavy Industry
• 111 coal, 200 iron, 335 electric production
• Increased output higher wages, better housing
• 2nd only to the U.S

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FIVE-YEAR PLANS

• 25 million migrated to cities
• Production 1928-1937 4xs
• Hired Foreign Engineers
• Unemployment unknown
• Women worked in factories
• Personal Advancement incentives, pensions,
  education, medical services

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FIVE-YEAR PLANS

• 1928-1937
• Steel production 4 million to 18 million tons
• Coal output 36 to 128 million tons
• Production of capital goods and armaments
• Quadrupled production of heavy machinery
• Doubled oil production
• Weapons increase tenfold or more
• Real wages declined 43 b/w 1928-1940
• Housing and consumer goods declined
• Human cost?

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JOSEPH STALIN

• WORKER STATE right to employment, leisure
  time, annual paid vacations, social security,
  old-age, accident, sickness insurance, medical
  and hospital care
• Labor Conditions? lateness, absence, fined sent
  to Labor Camps
• GULAG

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GULAG

• Glavnoe Upravlenie ispravitelno-trudovykh
  LAGerei
• Main administration of Corrective Labor Camps
• Soviet system of forced labor camps
• Origins 1917 Revolution
• Height during the reign of Stalin
• White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal (1931-33) 141 mile
  canal
• 100,000 prisoners pickaxes, shovels, wheel
  barrels created in just 20 months SUCCESS?
• Kolyma - harshest of all the camps means death
• Arctic region harsh temperatures, insufficient
  rations, sleep, and clothing 12-16 hour work
  day

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GULAG

• More people passed through the GULAG than the
  Nazi concentration camps yet, the GULAG is still
  not nearly as well know. WHY?
• Nazi camps used to exterminate
• GULAG weapon of ongoing political control over
  one country
• trials 5 minutes sentences 8-10 years
• Article 58 (1928) anti-Soviet activity
• 25 political prisoners
• Mining, rail construction, arms chemical
  factories, electricity plants, fish canning,
  airport, apartment, and sewage construction

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COLLECTIVIZATION

• Collective Farms or Collectivization (1929)
• Agricultural output
• 25 Million Farmers
• Forced farmers to pool their land, livestock,
  equipment
• Lenins NEP produced Kulaks well-to-do peasants
  peasant capitalists - or anyone who resisted
  collectivization
• refused 1932 entire class eliminated forced
  labor camps, or killed
• liquidation of the entire class
• Artificial famine 10 million died

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COLLECTIVIZATION

• Peasants cursed problem
• War against peasants
• New socialist state
• 1929 forced consolidation peasant farms state
  controlled
• Kulaks refused 5 million liquidated
• Output 1928-38 identical to 1913

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COLLECTIVIZATION

• Wide spread famine
• Ukraine 1932-33 approximately 6 million died
• Millions migrated to cities
• Overcrowding, sewage, housing
• OUTCOME Production of food did not increase

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Annihilate the Kulaks as a class! c. 1929
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TERROR

• Secret Police (NKDV), Purge Trials (1936-1939)
  accused of disloyalty enemies
• 1937-1938 Great Terror
• Shot 1500 people a day
• Eliminate opposition - - high Soviet leaders,
  civilian party members, major party leaders, army
  officers, diplomats, intellectuals, Old Bolsheviks

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PURGE TRIALS

• Mid 1930s
• Officials, workers, peasants, intellectuals,
  military
• Sergei Kirov (1888-1934)- 2 man assassinated
• Millions killed, exiled, sent to labor camps
• OUTCOME consolidation of power new Communists
  loyal to Stalin

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STALIN TODAY

• What role did Stalin play in the history of our
  country?
• POSITIVE 53
• NEGATIVE 33
• Had difficulty answering the question 14
• 2003 50th anniversary of Stalins death
• BBC World News Service

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JOSEPH STALIN

• 1878 1953
• Preserved some revolutionary goals
• No hereditary Czar, no privileged class, improved
  standard of living
• New upper class professionals, factory managers

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CULT OF PERSONALITY

• Single leader
• Revolutionary transformation
• Treated as a benevolent "guide" for the nation
• Transformation to a better future cannot occur
  without him
• Superman
• Propaganda
• Hero Worship Uncle Joe

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A single death is a tragedy, a million is a
statistic - STALIN
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Ideas are far more powerful than guns. We don't
allow our enemies to have guns, why should we
allow them to have ideas? - STALIN
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20 Million Deaths Starvation, Forced Labor
Camps, Purges