STUART KINGS

1
STUART KINGS QUEENS(1603-1714)
2
JAMES I (VI OF SCOTLAND)r. 1603 - 1625

• Kings are not only Gods lieutenants upon earth
  and sit upon Gods throne, but even by God
  himself they are called Gods I will not be
  content that my power be disputed on .

3

• James spent a lot of money on himself and his
  court.
• He was constantly asking Parliament for more.
• The political rift between James and Parliament
  begins with James decision to end the war with
  Spain. The treaty James signed had England paying
  Spain for its losses.
• Adding to the fire James tried to marry son
  Charles to a Royal Spanish catholic. It fell
  through, however.
• A religious rift also began to emerge. Puritans
  in England wanted James, the head of the Anglican
  Church, to reform from the church. The Puritans
  believed it was too Catholic. James refused and
  began to persecute the Puritans. Many Puritans
  made plans to flee to America.
• James dies in 1625, leaving his son Charles with
  his unsolved baggage.

4
CHARLES Ir. 1625 - 1649
5

• Charles, an Anglican, married Henrietta Maria a
  French Catholic.
• Believing that Charles would follow in his
  fathers footsteps, parliament gave only a
  portion of the treasury amount he had requested.
• This angered Charles, and he responded by
  dissolving parliament, which under English common
  law, he had the power to do.
• So where was Charles to get his money if not from
  Parliament? He will get it from landed gentry.
  Charles forced the landowners to loan him
  money, for if they refused he would have them
  thrown in jail.
• The country was shocked, and there were several
  counties voicing protest. With these counties,
  Charles simply declared martial law.
• To prove his point, he also passed a measure that
  forced citizens to house the kings military
  while martial law was in place.

6

• In addition to dealing with inner strife, Charles
  felt it necessary to continue war with Spain at
  the same time declare against France.
• The King recalled parliament in 1628 to get money
  to fight the two powerhouses.
• Parliament agreed to grant the king expenses as
  long as he agreed to sign the petition of right.
  Charles did so. The provisions of this edict
  were
• The King could not collect taxes without the
  consent of parliament.
• The King could not imprison anyone without just
  cause. Law of the Land.
• Troops could not be housed in private homes
  without the approval of the owner.
• The King could not declare martial law unless
  England was at war. No forced loans or
  confiscation of property.
• Due process is guaranteed.

7

• Charles had signed the document however, after
  he received his funds he dissolved parliament
  again and ignored the petition. For ELEVEN YEARS,
  Charles would rule without parliament.
• As religious tensions grew, Charles appointed
  William Laud as Archbishop of Canterbury. This
  position allowed Laud to make decisions
  concerning the Anglican Church and canon.
• Laud went to work immediately. He began a
  campaign of persecution against the Puritans. He
  burned Puritan religious books, banned preaching,
  and forced meeting houses to follow the
  sacraments and use James version of the Bible.
  If there was resistance, which there was, public
  floggings as well as imprisonment followed.
• Charles and Laud then set their sights on
  Scotland. They were to follow the Church of
  England as well. The resistance in Scotland was
  much more violent and organized than that of the
  English Puritans. War would come!

8

• This war would be something that Charles did not
  bargain for. In the year 1640, Scotland invades
  England Charles desperately needs money to raise
  an army. After eleven years of ignoring them, he
  is forced to recall parliament. Parliament,
  predominantly made up of Puritans, immediately
  began venting. The stubborn king, after only
  THREE weeks dissolved them again. This session
  was known as the short parliament.
• Charles falls further into debt, Scotland is
  making progress and he is losing support from
  landed nobles. He had no choice but to recall
  parliament once again. This time, however,
  parliament remained for twenty years. Long
  Parliament
• Parliaments first act of business was to arrest
  William Laud and Wentworth on the charge of
  treason. They were convicted and executed against
  the wishes of the king.
• Charles quickly found himself at the mercy of the
  parliament he so often mocked. This time it was
  the Irish who will cause the trouble. The native
  Irish rebelled because of religious issues, but
  also because of the royal system of giving Irish
  land to Englishmen.
• Even though the Puritans controlled parliament
  there was a small but vocal group was aptly
  called the Royalists.

9

• The Puritans of the House of Commons sent Charles
  19 propositions which would give parliament
  supreme power in England. Of course Charles
  rejected them and saw the authors as treasonous.
  The king sent his army into the House to arrest
  those responsible, however, by the time the army
  had arrived the Puritan leaders had fled.
• There kings supporters were predominantly from
  the north and west. Their given name was the
  Cavaliers.
• Puritans support was centered in the south and
  east. The revolutionaries were called Roundheads.
  Parliament passed the Militia Ordinance.
• The political and military leader of the
  Roundheads was a commoner by the name of Oliver
  Cromwell.
• After 4 years of back and forth battles, the
  royalists and cavaliers finally surrendered in
  the year 1646, at the battle of Naseby.
• Still the king refused to bend. He charged
  parliament with treason from within his jail cell
  and assured them that England will demand
  justice. Charles I was executed on the tower
  green in 1649. This sent shockwaves across
  Europe.
• Now what???

10
THE COMMONWEALTH1649 1653 Rump Parliament
11
OLIVER CROMWELLLORD PROTECTORr. 1653 - 1658
12

• England, for the first time in its long history,
  becomes a commonwealth. The elected officials of
  parliament and those whom they appoint will rule
  from 1649- 1653.
• While The Commons was creating a commonwealth,
  Cromwell took his army and defeated the Irish and
  the Scots. Upon his return the great defeater of
  tyranny takes over parliament and names himself
  Lord Protector, in 1653. Disbands the rest of
  parliament.
• Cromwell will rule as a dictator for 5 years. His
  rule of strict Puritan laws forces many to
  consider returning to a monarchy. When Oliver
  dies in 1658, his son Richard assumes power, but
  doesnt have the stomach for it and resigns in
  less than a year.

13
CHARLES IIexiled 1649-1660 / r. 1660 - 1685
14

• Charles II returns to England 1660
• Known as the Restoration
• He supported the arts, science and entertainments
• Had had no legitimate children
• He allowed Parliament to settle religious issues
• 1661 a new Parliament is elected. The Cavalier
  Parliament with majority Royalists

15

• He passed the Claredon Code
• Church of England official
• Only Anglicans could attend Universities, serve
  in Parliament, and hold services
• Constitutional monarch under Charles II
• Test Act civil/military employees swear against
  transubstantiation
• Disasters Plague and London fire blamed on
  Puritans and Catholics
• 1679 Parliament introduced the Exclusion Bill
• Which would have kept Charles brother James II
  out of the throne
• Those who supported James were Tories
• Those who opposed were Whigs
• The bill fell, however a bill which establish
  habeas corpus was passed. (no imprisonment
  without just cause)
• Charles dies in 1685, he has no heir, his brother
  James II becomes king.

16
JAMES IIr. 1685 1689
17

• James was Catholic and believed in Divine Right.
  Parliament worried and hoped he would die without
  an heir
• 1688 he had a son by his 2nd wife
• Repealed the Test Act and dissolved parliament

18
WILLIAM III AND MARY IIr. 1689 1702 r. 1689
- 1694
19

• All of parliament invited Mary II (James IIs
  protestant daughter and her husband William of
  Orange from Netherlands) to take England over.
• They did so without bloodshed, known as the
  Glorious Revolution
• 1689 William and Mary swore loyalty to Parliament

20

• Passed the Bill of Rights
• King couldnt raise taxes without Parliament
• King couldnt suspend laws
• King couldnt maintain an army without Parliament
• Parliament in session often
• Right to debate
• Trail by jury
• Bail limited
• Right to appeal
• No cruel or unusual punishment
• Act of Settlement 1701 No Catholic could be
  crowned
• Not yet a democracy- male property owners could
  vote

21

• James II exiled, landed in Ireland and began a
  Catholic revolt. It was crushed and the English
  Protestants of Ireland began to persecute the
  Irish Catholics. Died in Paris in 1701.
• William and Mary wouldnt have an heir

22
ANNEr. 1702 - 1714
23

• Marys sister Anne would be crowned 1702-1714.
  She had no heir.
• Scotland and England agree to politically unite
  under the act of Union 1707
• Sophia, James I granddaughters son is next in
  line

24
HANOVER KINGS QUEENS(1714-1917)
25
GEORGE Ir. 1714 - 1727
26

• 1714 George I Hanover is crowned
• Sir Robert Walpole becomes Britains 1st Prime
  Minister

27
GEORGE IIr. 1727 - 1760
28
GEORGE IIIr. 1760 - 1820