Pre-Inca civilizations

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Pre-Inca civilizations

• hum2461
• Instructor Ericka Ghersi

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PRE-INCA CIVILIZATIONS
1. Chavín (1500-200BCE) 2. Paracas (800BCE-0) 3.
Nazca (200BCE-800CE) 4. Moche (0-800CE)
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Valdivia civilization (Ecuador)
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Valdivia civilization

• Between 3500 BC and 1800 BC
• Lived in houses built in a circle or oval around
  a central plaza.
• Were sedentary people (lived off farming and
  fishing.)
• Valdivians cultivated maize, kidney beans,
  squash, cassava, hot peppers and cotton plants.
• Cotton was used to make clothing.

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CHAVIN

• They extended their influence to other
  civilizations along the coast.

Elevation Cajarma (2750 m (9022 ft) / Cusco
(around 3400 m (11200 ft) Chavin (3180 meters
(10430 ft) / Pachacamac (50-100m)
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Chronology (Time Table)
Cultures ------------ Years Northern Coast Northern Highlands Central Coast Central Highlands Southern Coast Southern Highlands Altiplano
1500 B.C INCA INCA INCA INCA INCA INCA INCA
600 CE- 1000 CE WARI WARI WARI WARI WARI WARI TIWANAKU
600 CE CHIMU NAZCA TIWANAKU
0-800CE MOCHE NAZCA
200 BCE -800 CE CHAVIN PARACAS
900 BCE -200 CE CHAVIN KOTOSH
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Puquios aqueduct Nazca
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ARCHITECTURE The Chavín de Huántar Temple

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Raimondi Stela
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Architecture

• Created a successful drainage system.
• Several canals built under the temple acted as
  drainage,.
• The Chavín showed advanced acoustic
  understanding.

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Architecture

• The temple appeared to be roaring like a jaguar,
  a sacred animal. It was built of white granite
  and black limestone, neither of which is found
  near the Chavín site.

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Metallurgy
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Metallurgy

• Knew soldering, and used early techniques to
  develop refined gold work.

• Used early techniques to develop refined gold
  work (the melting of metal had been discovered at
  this point and was used as a solder)

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Art

• Chavín pottery with respect to shape reveals two
  kinds of vessels

1. Polyhedrous carved type.
2. Globular painted type.

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Stylistically

• Chavín art forms make extensive use of the
  technique of contour rivalry. The art is
  intentionally difficult to interpret and
  understand, since it was intended only to be read
  by high priests of the Chavín cult, who could
  understand the intricately complex and sacred
  designs. The Raimondi Stela is one of the major
  examples of this technique.

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Contour rivalry

• It is an artistic technique used to create
  multiple possible visual interpretations of an
  image. An image may be viewed as depicting one
  thing when viewed in a certain way but if the
  image is flipped or turned, the same lines that
  formed the previous image now make up an entirely
  new design.

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Contour rivalry

• A detail of the Raimondi Stela, an example of
  contour rivalry produced by the Chavin culture.
• This technique was widely practiced by the
  artists of the Chavin culture of the central
  Andes about two thousand years ago. An example of
  this technique from the Chavín is the Raimondi
  Stela.

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Art (Stela de Raimondi)
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Stela de Raimondi
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Religion

• The nature-based iconography of anthropomorphic
  figures which utilizes a feline theme is one of
  the broad and characteristic traits of Chavín
  culture.

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Religion Few deities

• The main deity is characterized by long fangs and
  long hair made of snakes.
• God responsible for balancing opposing forces.

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Other deities

• The deity of the underworld, represented as
  anacondas.

• The deity for food represented through flying
  cayman.

• The deity of the supernatural world in general is
  represented through jaguars.

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Agriculture and drainage system

• They developed elaborated irrigation systems to
  assist the growth of potato, peanut, quinoa, and
  maize.

• The Chavin de Huantar temple is an example of
  architecture and control of the enviroment. The
  temple's design shows complex innovation to adapt
  to the highland environments of Peru.

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The end