PEOPLING OF THE AMERICAS

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PEOPLING OF THE AMERICAS

• Pre-European contact and cultural Exchange

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Focus Questions

• What are several theories of where the indigenous
  peoples of Americas originated and what
  questions does the evidence raise?
• What Civilizations existed prior to European
  Contact and how have they contributed to American
  economy, diet and culture?

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Identification Study Guide

• Bering Strait
• Clovis First
• Monte Verde
• Pleistocene man
• Pre Columbian contact
• Olmec
• Hohokam
• Mogollon

• Anasazi
• Mississippian
• Aztec
• Pope revolt
• Apalachee
• Transoceanic Contact

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Bering Strait Theory

• small group of big game hunters in Siberia
  followed the Pleistocene mega faunamammoth,
  mastodon, and extinct bison
• land bridge that formed during the last Ice Age
  known as Beringia
• 12,000 20,000 years ago

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Clovis

• 11,500-year-old fluted projectile points found in
  Clovis, New Mexico.
• "Clovis" culture.

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Monte Verde, Chile

• Monte Verde Southern Chile
• Pre-dates Clovis by 1,000 years
• How did people reach South America with no traces
  in between?
• Suggests alternate theory

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Pleistocene Man San Diego

• Yuha Pinto Wash
• Dated 50,000 years old
• Pre-dates Clovis Beringia theory

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Yuha Pinto Wash
overlying sediments are dated at more than 50,000
years old
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Pre-Columbian Trans-Oceanic Contact

• 50,000 years ago people migrated by boat to
  Australia
• DNA retrieved from a 10,000-year-old fossilized
  tooth from an Alaskan island, with specific
  coastal
• Tierra del Fuego
• Ecuador
• Mexico
• California
• lends substantial credence to a migration theory
  that at least one set of early peoples moved
  south along the west coast of the Americas in
  boats.

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Rainbow Bridge Theory

• Luzia Skeleton, Lagoa Santa, Brazil
• Austro-Malaysian African origin not Siberian
• Pleistocene (8,400 years old)
• Columbian River
• Oral Tradition
• Nazca, Peru Hawaiian contact
• 1,000 years before Columbus
• Chumash Hawaiian Contact
• Pre-European contact
• 500-700AD (2,500 years old-)
• Polynesian Sweet potatoes origin S. America
• Tomoloo Carbon date 600 AD Technology Transfer
• Oral Tradition

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Muslim/African voyages

• Olmec Heads in Meso-America
• 1178 Chinese Sung Document records voyages of
  Muslims sailors
• 1310 Abu Bakari, Muslim King of Malian empire
  voyages to Americas
• 1312 Mandiga Gulf of Mexico to Mississippi
  River
• 1513 Pri Ries completes first world map includes
  America
• 1530 10 million slaves to Americas/30 Muslim

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Olmec Civilization
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1500 BCE 100 BCE
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Cocaine Mummies

• 21st Dynasty of the Pharaohs 3,000 years ago
• Henet Tui Lady of 2 Lands
• Dr. Svetla Balabanova, Toxicologist, Munich,
  Germany
• 1992 remains included cocaine nicotine
• 1/3 of other 134 other mummies 3700 BC -1100AD
• Additional Testing, Sample of 3,000 remains
• 89 positive Egypt
• 90 positive Sudan
• 62.5 Positive China
• 34 positive Germany
• 100 positive Austria

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China 1421

• Chinese reached America 71 years before Columbus?
• Chinese Admiral Zheng He
• 30 year command of Ming Fleet

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Civilizations of the Americas

• Some Civilizations of the Americas
• Northwestern
• Southwestern
• Anasazi, Mogollon, Hohokam, Sinagua, Salado
• South East and Mid west
• Mississippian and Mound building civilizations
• Meso- America T
• Toltec, Olmec, Mayan Aztec
• South America
• Wari, Mochi, Paracas, Nazca, Inca

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South West Civilizations

• Hohokam
• Mogollon
• Anasazi or ancient puebloan peoples
• Sinagua
• Salado

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Hohokam

• First Southwestern Culture to Irrigate crops
• gt300 miles of Hohokam canals in the Salt River
  valley alone
• Corn, beans, barley, cotton, tobacco, squash,
  agave
• Southern and Central Arizona
• Pit houses in earlier periods
• Walled villages with multi story above ground
  adobe buildings

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Hohokam 300 BCE- 1200 CE
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Hohokam Invented the first etching process
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Mogollon

• Descendants of earlier Cochise culture (6000 BCE)
• Mogollon Culture 300 -200 BCE
• Hunter Gatherer some agriculture
• Deer, bison, pronghorn, rabbit, turkey, mountain
  sheep
• Beans, squash, corn
• Walnuts, cactus, acorns, pinon, agave, mustard,
  sunflower, wild tomato

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Mogollon

• Small villages
• Pithouse construction
• Later surface pueblo using stone masonry
  construction, 4 5 rooms to 500 rooms such as
  the Grasshopper pueblo in the white mountains of
  AZ.
• Last pueblo occupied until about 1400 CE near
  Springville, AZ.

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Anasazi

• Colorado Plateau
• 1CE
• Corn, squash, beans
• Agave, walnuts, pinon, acorns, yucca, prickly
  pear, Indian rice grass, wild potatoes

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Mesa Verde

• Elk, deer, pronghorn,
• Mt sheep, rabbit, turkey, birds, fish

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PUEBLO BONITA, NM

• A.D. 1030 and 1079
• Constructed the first Apartment Bldg until New
  York in 1882

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Mississippian Culture

• Hopewell 100 BCE 600 CE
• Mississippians descendents
• Urban Agricultural centers
• Same population as London did in 1200

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Cahokia Creek near Collinsville, Illinois, At its
height, around A.D. 1200
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North Eastern Woodlands

• Indian democratic tradition
• Suffrage for women
• Chief or leaders were servants of the people
• Diversity respected
• First government to recognize the existence of a
  state within a state
• First governing body League of 5 nations or the
  Iroquois before 1600
• Oral constitution
• 50 representatives on a council
• Onandaga, Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida, Mohawk, and 100
  years later the Tuscarora
• Clan mother selected chiefs
• Women owned crops, houses and had voting rights
• Smaller yet the dominant nation in the region

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Agricultural Influence Today

• 40 plants domesticated that make a significant
  portion of agriculture today
• 42 by weight corn, potato, peanuts
• 48 of the money generated from the sale of
  agricultural products

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The Peoples California
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Terms from Lecture

• The sacred
• Clowns
• Status of old aged
• Deaths place
• Interdependence
• Bird Songs
• Hygiene

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Who are Indians?

• The People
• First Nations
• Rich Diversity of cultural expressions and
  languages
• Some beliefs life ways held in common among
  most

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Belief systems Life ways

• Shared Concepts
• The sacred as a practical system of knowledge
• Respect
• 7 shared concepts of the sacred way
• Status of old age
• History and knowledge transmission
• Deaths place in the cycle/concept of the circle
• Hygiene/epidemiological
• Subsistence
• Identity

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The Sacred

• Explanation of sources of life and ways of
  knowledge
• Concept used to explain ways of life, beliefs,
  traditions observances

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Practical System of Knowledge

• Western views/ indoctrinated religions
• Attempt to dominate and control unknown
• To overcome human frailty weakness
• Has begun to destroy equilibrium among people and
  ecosystems
• The Sacred
• Limits amount of explaining
• Guides behavior toward natural laws
• If you seek to leave nothing unexplored, you will
  bring disaster Trying to be like gods rather
  than humans

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Seeking Life

• Acknowledged the sacred and maintaining a
  constant relationship between sacred and oneself
• Cooperation, sharing and taking no more than
  needed, giving thanks, equilibrium
• Capitalism
• making a living
• Competition
• Without balance, without sacred acknowledged

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Respect

• For those who protect the sacred ways and help
  them grow
• Spiritual life most important expression of
  humanity vs. material wealth
• Sacred never indoctrinated, sectarian or
  evangelical
• Simple way of seeking life Respects all others
  expressions and life ways
• Individually and communally

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Shared concept ofThe Sacred Way

• The Great Mystery
• Interdependence
• Commitment to the sources of life
• Morals Ethics
• Sacred Practitioners
• Humor is integral to the sacred ways
• Status of Old Age
• Learning/history knowledge Transmission
• Deaths Place in Life cycle concept of the
  Circle

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The Great Mystery

• A belief in or knowledge of unseen powers or what
  some people call the Great Mystery or Great
  Spirit
• Deities or spirits
• A Feeling that something exists that is sacred
  mysterious
• Unseen powers
• Pit River People of N. California
• A continuous religious or sacred experience

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Interdependence of Life

• Life depends on understanding and respecting all
  life and equilibrium that is struck between
  relationships of all things
• If you destroy or alter one relationship, all
  others will be affected and ultimately destroyed
  also
• Natural resources are not infinite
• Modoc People of N. California
• Dominate western ideology
• Mans control of natural world
• Progress exploitation of natural resources
  indefinitely w/ help of science and technology
• All mysteries, uncertainties, and unknowns can
  ultimately be Conquered and Explained

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Worship personal commitment to sources of Life

• Reinforced the bond between the individual,
  community and Great Powers
• Seeking life
• community matter
• intensely personal one
• Ritual prayer to better understand the forces
  of order, disorder, growth and change

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Forms of Worship

• Rituals to revitalize and put in order the
  elements in a tribes cosmology
• Important times of the year
• Summer winter Equinox/Spring fall solstice
  Make people conscious of economic and social
  responsibilities connected with planting,
  harvesting and distributing food
• Significant changes
• Birth, naming, renaming, puberty, tattoo
  Awareness of contribution to the life of the
  people

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Forms of Worship

• Prayer directed toward something, the force of
  individuals will (or groups)
• Song composed for dances, healing, hunting
  ,honoring, cradle songs
• When sung with an objective in mind, they are
  powerful
• Magic words, shadow words

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Morals Ethics

• Morals set the limits and boundaries of personal
  behavior
• Ethics teach social behavior
• Behavior necessary for survival
• Responsibility for self and community
• Accountability for ones actions and to community
• Instruction vs. Sin/Hell
• Figures taught to instruct or coerce children
  into behaving certain ways
• Clowns unselfishness, awareness, patience,
  cleanliness

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Sacred Practitioners

• Responsible for passing sacred knowledge from
  generation to generation
• Often gifts are hereditary
• A person may show inclinations at any time in
  life
• Different titles in different communities
• Heal through prayer, faith, medicinal knowledge
  of plants and minerals

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Humor

• Necessary part of the sacred
• Humans are weak, not gods, weaknesses lead to
  foolish acts
• Too much power seriousness leads to imbalance
• Cannot take ourselves too seriously
• Clowns needed to show us how we act and why

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Status of Old Aged

• Status of honor and respect
• Lived long, favored
• Privileges
• Asked for names and blessings
• Give advice
• Lecture
• Counsel
• Right to make opinions known
• Instruction vs. Command Corporal punishment

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Knowledge Transmission

• Methods of learning
• Initiations, survival training, listening,
  waiting, remembering
• Modes of Learning
• Stories, legends Myths
• Methods of recording passing knowledge
• Oral histories, Rock paintings and
  picto/petrographs, Basketry, other art forms

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Origin Stories

• What is transmitted
• Where the people came from
• How stars were created and light became divided
  by darkness
• Discovery of fire
• Origination of death
• Basic survival tools
• coding abstract notions of behavior, cosmology,
  ways of seeking knowledge
• Discover meaning of things or ideas on your own,
  not indoctrinated or imposed

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Deaths place

• Philosophy of life never ending path or road
  circular thinking
• Conveys eternal return
• Death in some way returns to the beginning of
  life
• You know all when you are born and slowly forget
• Not to be feared, another transition in life
• Death ceremonies

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Hygiene

• Cleanliness synonymous with good health and
  living
• Daily bathing and sweating
• Knowledge of soap roots and purifying plants
• Population controlled understood limits of the
  land
• Medical people successful and Respected
• 18th century Europe
• Suffered disease as result of poor hygiene
• Overcrowding and malnutrition
• Medical doctors unsuccessful and detested by
  population

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Subsistence

• Acorns/Pinon/Mesquite Beans Major Staples of
  first nations Diet
• Oak/pine/Mesquite Trees
• Can be Made into Flour or Meal by Pulverizing
  after Leaching (acorn) or Washing
• Stored for Winter or Later Use

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Subsistence

• Winter house/Summer house
• Managed the landscape
• Intimate knowledge of all resources and when and
  where can be found
• Land use songs Bird/Salt/Deer Songs
• Songs hereditary or gifted
• Rights to use land, shared with permission
• Resources generally shared and distributed evenly
• Absence of malnutrition or starvation
• western concept of ownership
• Paper, legal, private ownership

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Diversity

• Californias Diverse Landscape and Isolation Has
  Produced Diverse
• Groups
• Languages
• Subsistence Practices
• Modes of Dress and Shelter
• Expression of Cosmologies