HYMENOPTERA

1
HYMENOPTERA (wasps, bees, ants)
2
500 400
300 200 100
0
Silurian
Devonian
Carboniferous
Permian
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
Entognatha
Archaeognatha
Zygentoma
Hexapoda
Ephemeroptera
Odonata
Insecta
Plecoptera
Embiodea
Pterygota
Zoraptera
Dermaptera
Grylloblattodea
?
Mantophasmatodea
Orthoptera
Phasmatodea
Blattaria
Isoptera
Mantodea
Neoptera
Psocoptera
Phthiraptera
Thysanoptera
Hemiptera
Coleoptera
Rhaphidioptera
Megaloptera
Neuroptera
Hymenoptera
Mecoptera
Holometabola
Siphonaptera
Diptera
Apterygotes
Strepsiptera
Trichoptera
Paleoptera
Lepidoptera
Hemimetabolous
Holometabolous
3
So far in classification
Exopterygota
Head with gula
Neuropteroid Orders
mandibulate
Hymenoptera
Diptera
2
Neoptera
Wings
larvae without legs
4
Mecoptera
Head without gula
Siphonaptera
No wings
Mecopteroid orders
rostrate
- Lepidoptera
Wings with scales
larvae with legs
- Trichoptera
Wings with hairs
4
Beetle head - Ventral
Wasp head - Ventral
No gula
Gula
5
Hexapod Orders
Hymenoptera
Hymen - membrane, ptera - wing
Number of Species
125,000 (60 90 undescribed)
Common names
Wasps, bees, ants
Typical habitats
Diverse
Distinguishing characteristics
-hamulae for wing coupling -ovipositor modified
as stinger
-constricted waist -aposematic colouration
Other features
6
500 400
300 200 100
0
Silurian
Devonian
Carboniferous
Permian
Triassic
Jurassic
cretaceous
Entognatha
Archaeognatha
Zygentoma
Ephemeroptera
Odonata
Insecta
Plecoptera
Embiodea
Pterygota
Zoraptera
Dermaptera
Grylloblattodea
?
Mantophasmatodea
Orthoptera
Phasmatodea
Blattaria
Isoptera
Mantodea
Neoptera
Psocoptera
Phthiraptera
Thysanoptera
Hemiptera
Coleoptera
Rhaphidioptera
Megaloptera
Neuroptera
Hymenoptera
Mecoptera
Holometabola
Siphonaptera
Diptera
Strepsiptera
Trichoptera
Lepidoptera
7
Combination of ancestral and derived traits
Ancestral
Derived
1. Mandibulate mouthparts
1. Wing coupling via hamuli
2. Generalized ovipositor
2. Haploid-diploid sex determination
8
Historical Hymenoptera
Egyptian tomb
Neolithic cave painting
9
Importance
Pollination
10
Importance
Biological control - Parasitoids
11
Parasitioids
Differences from parasites
1. Single host organism
2. Host will eventually die (after the
lifespan of the parasitoid)
3. Can be larvaphagous or oophagous
12
Distinguishing Features
1) Mouthparts (ancestral feature)
13
Distinguishing Features
2) Wing coupling (derived feature)
hamulae
14
Distinguishing Features
3) Abdominal modifications (derived feature)
Narrow waist
15
Distinguishing Features
3) Abdominal modifications
16
Distinguishing Features
3) Abdominal modifications
17
Distinguishing Features
First abdominal segment (propodeum)
3) Abdominal modifications
18
Distinguishing Features
3) Abdominal modifications - Stingers
Tergum 9
gonoplac
first gonapophysis (lancet)
second gonapophysis (stylet)
19
Distinguishing Features
3) Abdominal modifications - Stingers
second gonapophysis (stylet)
first gonapophysis (lancet)
20
Distinguishing Features
3) Abdominal modifications - Stingers
Venom Glands
Venom gland
Venom reservoir
Dufours gland
21
Distinguishing Features
4) Social structure
Workers
Males (drones)
Queen
22
Distinguishing Features
4) Social structure
Comparison with Isoptera
Hymenoptera
Isoptera
Worker is adult
Worker is nymph
Drone is N
Whole colony is 2N
King is part of colony
Drone is for fertilization only
Soldier is specialized worker
No specialized worker classes
23
Distinguishing Features
5) Haplodiploid sex determination
Most animals
Hymenoptera
x
x
2N
N
2N
2N
Worker/Sisters related by 75
Siblings related by 50
24
Hymenoptera - Classification
Vespoidea
Symphyta
Sphecoidea
Formicoidea
Ichneumonoidea
Apoidea
Chalcidoidea
Parasitica
Aculeata
Free living
Parasitoids
Apocrita
waist
No waist
Hymenoptera
25
Hymenoptera - Classification
2 Suborders
1) Symphyta (sawflies)
- no waist
Hymenopteran fossils (Xyelidae) Early Cretaceous
26
Hymenoptera - Classification
2 Suborders
1) Symphyta (sawflies)
- no waist
27
Sawfly Damage
28
Hymenoptera - Classification
Vespoidea
Symphyta
Sphecoidea
Formicoidea
Ichneumonoidea
Apoidea
Chalcidoidea
Parasitica
Aculeata
Free living
Parasitoids
Apocrita
waist
No waist
Hymenoptera
29
Hymenoptera - Classification
2 Suborders
2) Apocrita
- waist - includes most Hymenoptera
Parasitica (piercing forms)
Aculeata (stinging forms)
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Hymenoptera - Classification
Superfamilies
1) Formicoidea - ants
Formicidae
31
Hymenoptera - Classification
Superfamilies
1) Formicoidea - ants
Formicidae
Carpenter ant
Army ants
Leafcutter ants
32
Carpenter ant damage
33
Hymenoptera - Classification
Superfamilies
2) Apoidea - bees
Bumblebee
Honey bee
Sweat bee
34
Hymenoptera - Classification
Superfamilies
3) Vespoidea - wasps, hornets, yellowjackets
Yellowjacket
Paperwasp
Baldfaced Hornet
35
Hymenoptera - Classification
Superfamilies
3) Vespoidea - wasps, hornets, yellowjackets
Tarantula hawk - Pepsis
36
Hymenoptera - Classification
Superfamilies
3) Vespoidea - Nests
Yellowjacket
Baldfaced Hornet
37
Hymenoptera - Classification
Superfamilies
3) Vespoidea - Nests
Paperwasp (Polistes)
38
Hymenoptera - Classification
Superfamilies
4) Sphecoidea - digger wasps, mud daubers,
potters
Digger wasp
Potter wasp
Mud dauber wasp
39
Hymenoptera - Classification
Superfamilies
4) Sphecoidea - nests
Digger wasp
Potter wasp
Mud dauber wasp
40
Hymenoptera - Classification
Vespoidea
Symphyta
Sphecoidea
Formicoidea
Ichneumonoidea
Apoidea
Chalcidoidea
Parasitica
Aculeata
Free living
Parasitoids
Apocrita
waist
No waist
Hymenoptera
41
Hymenoptera - Classification
Superfamilies - Parasitica
5) Chalcidoidea
42
Hymenoptera - Classification
Superfamilies - Parasitica

1. Ichneumonoidea

43
Hymenoptera - Classification
Superfamilies - Parasitica

1. Ichneumonoidea

Parasitoids used in biological control
Multiple switches to endoparasitoidism
Ancestral families -ectoparasitoids on wood
boring insects (beetles, caterpillars, wood wasps)
44
Manipulation of hosts physiology
Hymenoepimecis
Host spider - Plesiometa
45
Manipulation of hosts physiology
Wasp temporarily parasitizes the spider and lays
egg
Wasp larva feeds on spider
Near end of development causes spider to spin
different web
Web is designed to support wasp cocoon
46
Manipulation of hosts physiology
Endoparasitoids
-must overcome hosts immune system
Poly-DNA-virus -packaged into nucleocapsids in
wasps ovaries
Poly-DNA-virus - integrated into wasps
chromosomal DNA transmitted to offspring
Injected into host
Virus expresses genes that compromise hosts
immune reaction