Bacteria

1
Bacteria Virus

• Chapter 19

2
19-1 Bacteria

• Microorgansims are everywhere
• Smallest are prokaryotes
• Range in size
• 1 5 micrometers

3
19-1 Bacteria

• Originally classified in Monera
• Now in two groups
• Eubacteria
• Archaebacteria

4
19-1 Bacteria

• Eubacteria
• Larger of the two kingdoms
• Live almost everywhere
• Surrounded by a cell wall

5
19-1 Bacteria

• Archaebacteria
• Similar to Eubacteria
• Lack peptidoglycan
• Genes are more similar to eukaryotes

6
19-1 Bacteria

• Identification of Prokaryotes
• Shape
• Chemical nature of cell wall
• Movement
• Obtaining of energy

7
19-1 Bacteria

• Cell shape
• Cocci spheres
• Bacilli rods
• Spirilla spirals
• Strepto chains
• Staphylo clusters

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19-1 Bacteria

• Cell shape
• Cocci spheres
• Bacilli rods
• Spirilla spirals
• Strepto chains
• Staphylo clusters

9
19-1 Bacteria

• Cell Shape
• Cocci spheres
• Bacilli rods
• Spirilla spirals
• Strepto chains
• Staphylo clusters

10
19-1 Bacteria

• Cell shape
• Cocci spheres
• Bacilli rods
• Spirilla spirals
• Strepto chains
• Staphylo clusters

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19-1 Bacteria

• Cell shape
• Cocci spheres
• Bacilli rods
• Spirilla spirals
• Strepto chains
• Staphylo clusters

12
19-1 Bacteria

• Cell wall composition
• Gram positive retain initial stain easily
  (violet)
• Gram negative much thinner cell wall doesnt
  retain initial stain (pink)

13
19-1 Bacteria

• Movement
• Some are non-motile
• Others
• Whiplike movement
• Lash like a smake

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19-1 Bacteria

• Nutrition
• Heterotrophs - eat to obtain energy
• Chemoheterotrophs must take in carbon
• Autotrophs - make their own food

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19-1 Bacteria

• Respiration
• Obligate aerobes - breathes oxygen
• Obligate anaerobes - does not breathe oxygen
• Facultative anaerobes dont need oxygen, but
  are not harmed by it

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19-1 Bacteria

• Growth
• Binary Fission replicate DNA and divide
• Conjugation exchange of genetic information
• Spores thick portion of cytoplasm enclosing the
  DNA

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19-1 Bacteria

• Biosphere
• Decomposers
• Symbiosis - both members benefit
• Diseases
• Lyme disease
• Cholera
• Tetanus
• Toxic Strep

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19-2 Viruses

• Martinus Beijerinck cause of the disease
  replicated in tobacco cells and named them virus.
  
• Virus Latin for poison
• Where did viruses come from?

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19-2 Viruses

• Discovery
• Tobacco mosaic disease
• Dmitri Ivanovsky - small bacteria or poisons

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19-2 Viruses

• Structure
• Virus an infectious agent made up of a core of
  nucleic acid and a protein coat.
• Capsid viruses protein coat

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19-2 Viruses

• Virus binds to cell
• Tricks cell into taking in DNA
• DNA either becomes copied or kills the cell
• Bacteriophage a virus that infects bacteria

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19-2 Viruses

• Replication
• Viruses do not reproduce.
• Replication is performed instead.
• Viruses use hosts to replicate.
• What kinds of things can be hosts?

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19-2 Viruses

• Lytic Cycle the viral replication process that
  rapidly kills a host cell.
• Lyses means to break apart

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19-2 Viruses

• Lysogenic Cycle type of replication in which a
  virus does not immediately kill a host cell

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19-2 Viruses

• Retroviruses
• Viruses that contain RNA
• Produce a DNA copy from RNA
• May lay dormant for long periods
• AIDS

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19-2 Viruses

• Viruses are parasites
• Depend entirely on their host
• Viruses are not alive

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19-2 Viruses

• Virus
• Only reproduce in host
• DNA/RNA
• Cannot Grow
• Cannot use energy
• Cannot respond to stimuli
• CAN change over time

• Cell
• Independent reproduction (sexual/asexual)
• DNA
• Grows and develops
• Uses energy for processes
• Responds to the environment
• Changes over time

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19-3 Diseases and Bacteria/Viruses

• Viruses and bacteria are everywhere
• Live on almost any surface
• Both capable of producing diseases

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19-3 Diseases and Bacteria/Viruses

• Two ways bacteria infect
• Damage cells and tissue
• Release toxins throughout body

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19-3 Diseases and Bacteria/Viruses

• Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
• Destroys cells in the lungs
• Streptococcus
• Strep throat
• Corynebacterium diptheriae
• Diptheria

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19-3 Diseases and Bacteria/Viruses

• Vaccine
• Preparation of a weakened or killed pathogen
• Prompts the body to form immunity

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19-3 Diseases and Bacteria/Viruses

• Antibiotics
• Block growth and reproduction of bacteria
• Major reason for increase in human expectancy
• Also prime example of evolution
• MRSA

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19-3 Diseases and Bacteria/Viruses

• Diseases in animals
• Bacillus Anthracis Anthrax
• Borrellia burgdorferi Lyme disease
• Clostridium tetani - Tetanus

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19-3 Diseases and Bacteria/Viruses

• Controlling bacteria
• Sterilization
• Disinfectants
• Food processing

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19-3 Diseases and Bacteria/Viruses

• Sterilization by heat
• Destroys by subjecting to heat and pressure

36
19-3 Diseases and Bacteria/Viruses

• Disinfectants
• Chemicals that kill the bacteria
• Problem Evolution

37
19-3 Diseases and Bacteria/Viruses

• Food Processing
• Refrigerator
• Proper cooking
• Canning
• Chemicals
• Proper handling

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19-3 Diseases and Bacteria/Viruses

• Viruses in humans
• Attack certain cells
• Symptoms are a result of the cell attacked
• Disrupt equilibrium

39
19-3 Diseases and Bacteria/Viruses

• Influenza contact
• Warts Contact with warts
• Aids blood or body fluids
• Chickenpox contact with rash or inhalation
• Measles - inhalation

• Hepatitis A Human wastes, contaminated food or
  water
• Hepatitis B Blood or body fluids
• Hepatitis C Blood or body fluid
• West Nile bite from infected mosquito

40
19-3 Diseases and Bacteria/Viruses

• Viral disease in animals
• Foot and mouth disease
• Rous Sarcoma virus

41
19-3 Diseases and Bacteria/Viruses

• Viral infection in plants
• Difficulty entering plant
• Cell wall
• Many spread by insects

42
19-3 Diseases and Bacteria/Viruses

• Nonviral Particle
• Viroids affect plants
• Single stranded RNA
• Prions affect animals
• No DNA or RNA only protein