Chapter One

1
Chapter One

• The Human body An Orientation

2

• Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body
  parts and their relationships to each other.
  Deals with body parts.
• Physiology is the study of the function of the
  body parts.

3
Topics of Anatomy

• Gross Anatomy is the study of structures large
  enough to be seen with the naked eye.

4

• Microscopic anatomy is the study of structures
  that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.
• Ex.
• Cytology the study of cells
• Histology the study of tissues

5
Specialized Branches

• 1. Pathology The study of structural changes
  due to diseases.
• 2. RadiologyThe study of the body with the help
  of x-ray.
• 3. Molecular biology The study of molecular
  molecules.

6

• 4. Radiography (X-Rays)-the use of X-rays to
  produce images of the internal structures of the
  human body. This technique is excellent for
  discovering fractures however, organs often
  appear as a blur on X-rays.
• 5. Computed Tomography Scanning (CT Scan)-the
  use of X-rays and computers to produce 3-
  dimensional images of body structures. It is used
  to detect kidney stones and tumors.
• 6. Xenon CT-CT brain scan enhanced with Xenon gas
  which allows for tracing blood flow. This is used
  to identify strokes.

7

• 7. Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)-an
  instrument used to examine blood vessels before
  and after a dye has been injected into the
  bloodstream. This is used to detect blocked blood
  vessels.
• 8. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)-the use of
  radioactive particles to produce images of
  internal organs. This can provide some indication
  of organ function as well as structure.
• 9. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)-the use of
  radio waves and magnets to produce 3-dimensional
  images of internal structures. It is not used on
  pregnant women or individuals that have a
  pacemaker due to the use of magnets.

8

• 10. Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction(DSR)-specialize
  d X-ray machine that produces 3-dimensional
  moving images of internal structures. This is
  excellent for examining the heart, blood vessels,
  and the lungs.
• 11. Ultrasound-sound waves are forced into the
  body where they are reflected by various organs
  and tissues. These reflected sound waves are used
  to produce images of internal structures.
• a. Sonogram-the images produced by an ultrasound.
• b. These are often used to follow the development
  of a fetus during pregnancy.

9
Word Bytes

• -tomy cutting
• dorse back
• append to hang
• -stasis standing still
• cardi- heart
• pleur- rib
• cran helmet

10

• pariet wall
• homeo same
• peri around
• nas nose
• orb circle
• meta change
• -logy the study of
• pelv basin

11
Medical Careers

• Epidemiology
• ActivitiesInvestigate and describe the causes and
  distribution of diseases, disabilities, and other
  health outcomes. They also develop methods of
  disease prevention and control.
  OutlookFaster-than-average-job growth Median
  Income56,670 per year in 2006 Work Context
  ConditionsUsually work indoors, in a laboratory
  or university. Accuracy and follow through are
  very important. Biological and medical scientists
  usually work regular hours in offices or
  laboratories and usually are not exposed to
  unsafe or unhealthy conditions. Minimum
  Education RequirementsMaster's Degree
  SkillsCritical Thinking, Active Listening,
  Writing, Time Management, Mathematics, Active
  Learning, Complex Problem Solving, Reading
  Comprehension, Speaking, Science AbilitiesOral
  Expression, Deductive Reasoning, Problem
  Sensitivity, Written Comprehension, Inductive
  Reasoning, Written Expression, Oral Comprehension
  

12
Nuclear Medicine

• Nuclear medicine technologists operate cameras
  that detect and map the radioactive drug in a
  patients body to create diagnostic images. After
  explaining test procedures to patients,
  technologists prepare a dosage of the
  radiopharmaceutical and administer it by mouth,
  injection, inhalation, or other means. They
  position patients and start a gamma scintillation
  camera, or scanner, which creates images of the
  distribution of a radiopharmaceutical as it
  localizes in, and emits signals from, the
  patients body. The images are produced on a
  computer screen or on film for a physician to
  interpret.

13
Levels of Structural Organization

• 1. Atoms
• 2. Molecules
• 3. Cells
• 4. Tissue
• 5. Organ
• 6. Organ System
• 7. Organism

14
How the Body is Made Up
Body Systems
Organs Fluids
Cells and Fluids
Chemical Elements
15
Chemical Elements

• Smallest building blocks of life
• What is the most important chemical element in
  bones?
• Other facts
• Calcium essential for bone strength
• Iron major component of blood cells
• Silicon growth and development of bones,
  cartilage and tissue

16
The Periodic Table
17
Water Molecule
Just like body systems, chemical elements have to
work together. Oxygen and Hydrogen combine or
work together to make a water molecule.
18
The body is made up of

• Chemical elements, which bond together to form
• Cells, which come together to form
• Organs, which work together to create
• Body systems
• Which in turn is the HUMAN BODY

19
Overview
The human Body
Body Parts
Chemical Elements
Organs
Fluids
Cells
Work together to form BODY SYSTEM
Our body systems work together to keep us healthy
and help us live
20
Internal Body Parts (Organs)
21
Maintaining Life

• A. Necessary Life functions
• 1. Maintain separate internal and external
  boundaries.
• 2. Movement.
• 3. Responsiveness.
• A. Seek water for thirst
• B. Move hand from hot stove.
• 4. Digestion.

22

• 5. Metabolism.
• Obtaining energy from food and assimilating new
  molecules
• 6. Excretion.
• A. Rid body of toxic waste.
• 7. Reproduction.
• 8. Growth.
• 9. Respiration
• A. Using O2 to release energy from food.

23

• B. Survival Needs
• 1. Nutrients needed for chemical reactions used
  for energy and cell building.
• 2. Oxygen needed for breakdown of glucose.
• 3. Water needed for secretions, excretions,
  metabolism, and transport.
• Most abundant substance in body.
• 4. Normal body temperature needed for chemical
  reactions.
• HeatThe product of metabolic processes
• 5. Pressure needed for gas exchange in the
  lungs (atmospheric pressure), and blood pressure.

24
Homeostasis

• A. HomeostasisThe ability of the body to
  maintain a constant internal environment,
  regardless of environmental changes.
• 1. Each cell of the body is surrounded by a
  small amount of fluid, and the normal functions
  of each cell depend on the maintenance of its
  fluid environment with in a narrow range of
  conditions.
• 2. Conditions are called variables. (values that
  change)
• A. Ex. Body temperature

25

• B. Components
• 1. Variable The factor or event that can
  change.
• 2. Receptor Structure that monitors changes in
  the environment and sends info to control center.
• 3. Control center Structures that determines
  the set point for a variable, analyzes input, and
  coordinates an appropriate response.
• 4. Effector Structures that carries out the
  response directed by the control center.

26

• Example of homeostasis
• 1. The excretory system makes sure that toxins
  are not surrounding a cell. It will make sure it
  is taken away through the blood stream to the
  kidneys to be filtered and exit the body.
• 2. Disruption of this process can result in
  disease or death.

27
(No Transcript)
28

• C. Negative feedback
• 1. Most homeostatic controls are negative
  feedback.
• 2. Changes in a way that causes the initial
  factor to change (opposite).
• 3. Usually the nervous and endocrine systems are
  involved in negative feedback mechanisms.
• 4. the purpose is to prevent sudden, severe
  changes in the body.
• 5. End resultbody corrects condition that is
  occurring

29

• D. An example of negative feedback
• Too coldbody shivers, muscles contract, vessels
  constrict.
• Too hotbody sweats, vessels dilate, fast heart
  beat.
• Too much sugar in bloodbody produces insulin,
  insulin breaks down sugar.
• Too little sugar in bloodbody produces glucagon,
  triggers liver to break up long starch molecules
  into sugar that go back into bloodstream.

30
(No Transcript)
31

• D. Positive feedback
• 1. Causes a change in the same direction as the
  original change. Ex Childbirth

32
Ex. Of Positive Feedback blood clotting
33
Ex. Of Postive feedback arthritis, lupus.

• 1. The immune system works too good and healthy
  tissue is destroyed.

34
The language of Anatomy

• A. Anatomical Position
• 1. Frontal PlaneSeparates front and back.
• 2. Sagittal PlaneSeparates left from right.
• 3. Transverse planeSeparates top from bottom.
• 4. Oblique section cuts made diagonally

35
Directional Terms

• 4. Anterior Ventralfront
• 5. Posterior Dorsal Back
• 6. LateralThe sides
• 7. MedialMiddle

36
Relative Positions

• 1. proximal nearest to body attachment
• Closer to the origin of the body or point of
  attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
• Ex. The elbow is proximal to the wrist.
• 2. distal furthest from body attachment
• Further from the origin of a body part or the
  point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
• Ex. The knee is distal to the thigh.

37
(No Transcript)
38

• 3. superficialtoward the surface
• Ex. The skin is superficial to the muscle.
• 4. deep toward the core of the body
• Ex. The lungs are deep to the skin.

39

• 5. pronelie face down
• 6. supinelie face up
• Remember this by saying soup in navel

40

• 7. Superiorabove
• Toward the head or upper part of the body.
• Ex. The head is superior to the abdomen
• 8. Inferiorbelow
• Away from the head or toward the lower part of
  the body.
• Ex. The navel is inferior to the chin.

41

• 9. AnteriorVentral
• Toward the front of the body.
• Ex. The breastbone is anterior to the spine.
• 10. PosteriorDorsal
• Toward or at the back of the body behind.
• Ex. The heart is posterior to the breastbone.

42
(No Transcript)
43
(No Transcript)
44
True or False

• 1. The mouth is superior to the nose.
• 2. The stomach is inferior to the diaphragm.
• 3. The trachea is anterior to the spinal cord.
• 4. The heart is medial to the lungs.
• 5. The hand is proximal to the elbow.
• 6. Blood in deep blood vessels give color to the
  skin.

45
Answers

• 1. F
• 2. T
• 3. T
• 4. T
• 5. F
• 6. F

46
Quiz on relative positions

• 1. The elbow is _________ to the fingers.
• 2. The sternum is _______ to the ribs.
• 3. The feet are ________ to the head.
• 4. The wrist is ________ to the shoulder.
• 5. The stomach is more _______ then your skin.
• 6. The eyes are ______ to your nose.
• 7. the neck is _______ to the hips.
• 8. the skin is ___________ to the fat layer.

47
Answers

• 1. proximal
• 2. medial
• 3. inferior
• 4. distal
• 5. deep
• 6. lateral
• 7. superior
• 8. superficial

48
Where will you find the following afflictions?

• 1. carpal tunnel syndrome
• 2. bucal abcess
• 3. digital dislocation
• 4. mammary tumor
• 5. nasal hemorrhage
• 6. abdominal cancer
• 7. sacral fracture

49
Answers

• 1. wrist
• 2. cheek
• 3. finger
• 4. breast
• 5. nose
• 6. stomach
• 7. tailbone

50

• B. Regions
• 1. Axial includes the head, neck and trunk.
• 2. Appendicular consists of the upper and lower
  limbs.

51
Regional Terms
52
Regional Terms

• Abdominal-the portion of the trunk below the
  diaphragm and above the pelvis.
• Acromial- point of the should
• Antebrachial- forearm
• Antecubital- front of elbow
• Axillary-armpit area.
• Brachial-proximal portion of the upper arm.
• Buccal-cheek region.
• Carpal-wrist.
• Calcaneal- heel
• Cephalic-head.
• Cervical-neck region.
• Costal-near the ribs.

53

• Cranial-skull.
• Crural- leg
• Cutaneous-skin.
• Digital- fingers or toes
• Dorsum- back
• Femoral- thigh
• Frontal-forehead.
• Gluteal-buttock region.
• Hallux- toe
• Inguinal- groin
• Lumbar-lower back.
• Mammary-breast region
• Manus- hand.
• Occipital- back of head
• Oral-mouth.
• Orbital-eyes.
• Otic-ears.
• Palmar-palms of the hand.
• Patellar- Anterior of knee

54

• Pedal- foot
• Perineal- around anus
• Peroneal- side of leg
• Plantar-sole of the foot.
• Popliteal- back of knee
• Pubic- genital area
• Sacral- between hips
• Sternal-midline of the thorax region.
• Sural- calf
• Tarsal-instep of the foot.
• Umbilical-navel region.
• Vertebral-pertaining to the backbone

55
Quiz What region of the body will you find the
following?

• 1. leg? ______________
• 2. foot? ______________
• 3. gential region? ______________
• 4. toes? ______________
• 5. wrist? _____________6. fingers?
  ______________
• 7. knee cap area? ___________

56

• 8. ankle? _____________
• 9. thumb? ___________
• 10. palm? _______________

57
Answers

• 1. crural 8. tarsal
• 2. pedal 9. pollex
• 3. pubic 10. palmar
• 4. digital
• 5. carpal
• 6. digital
• 7. patella

58
Quiz What region of the body will you find the
following conditions?

• 1. Pelvic inflammation?___________
• 2. Acromial bruise? ___________
• 3. Axillary rash? __________
• 4. Cervical vertebrae fracture? ________
• 5. Antebrachial contusion? ___________
• 6. Antecubital ringworm? ____________

59

• 7. Oral infection? _________
• 8. A nasal blockage? __________
• 9. A brachial cut? ____________
• 10. Abdominal pain? ___________

60
Answers

• 1. pelvis 8. nose
• 2. shoulder point 9. arm
• 3. arm pit 10. abdomen
• 4. neck
• 5. forearm
• 6. front of elbow
• 7. mouth

61
Quiz What do the following regional terms mean?

• 1. Perineal? _________________
• 2. Plantar? _________________
• 3. Femoral? ________________
• 4. Brachial? __________________
• 5. Calcaneal? _________________
• 6. Dorsum? __________________
• 7. Lumbar? _________________

62

• 8. Popliteal? ____________
• 9. Olecranial? ______________
• 10. Gluteal? ______________
• 11. Sacral? _____________
• 12. Sural? ________________

63
Answers

• 1. anus or genitalia 8. back of
• 2. sole knee
• 3. thigh 9. back
  of
• 4. arm elbow
• 5. heel 10. butt
• 6. back 11.
  between hips
• 7. loin 12.
  calf

64
Quiz Name the following regions of the body.

• 1. umbilical ___________
• 2. thoracic ___________
• 3. frontal ____________
• 4. sternal ___________
• 5. mammary ___________
• 6. mental _____________
• 7. buccal _____________

65

• 8. coxal ____________
• 9. inguinal ____________
• 10. orbital _____________

66
Answers

• 1. navel 8. hip
• 2. chest 9. groin
• 3. forehead 10. eye
• 4. breastbone
• 5. breast
• 6. chin
• 7. cheek

67
Body Cavities

• A. Body cavities are spaces within the body that
  are closed to the outside and contain the
  internal organs.
• 1. Dorsal cavity houses the cranial (skull,
  brain) cavity and the vertebral (vertebral column
  and spinal cord) cavity.

68

• 2. Ventral cavity contains the thoracic (lungs,
  heart, mediastinum) and abdominopelvic (abdominal
  and pelvic organs) cavities.
• Abdomino stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder,
  small and large intestines.
• Pelvic reproductive organs.

69
(No Transcript)
70
Other Body Cavities

• 3. Oral and digestive cavitiesmouth through the
  digestive system to the anus. Teeth , tongue.

71

• 4. Nasal cavity within the nose.

72

• 5. Orbital cavities house the eyes.

73

• 6. Middle ear cavities. Bones of the ear.

74

• 7. Synovial cavities found in all moveable
  joints.

75
Membranes

• A. Serous membranescover the inner walls of the
  ventral cavity and outer surfaces of organs.
• B. Parietal membraneslines the body cavities
  walls.
• C. Visceral membranescovers the outer surface
  of organs.

76
Serous Membranes there are 3 types of serous
membranes each containing a 3 part structure

• 1. Parietal membrane lines the cavity wall
• 2. Parietal space a thin cavity filled with
  serous fluid that lubricates
• 3. Visceral membrane covers or surrounds the
  organ
• 3 types
• 4. Pericardium serous membranes surrounding
  the heart
• 5. Pleura serous membranes surrounding the
  lungs
• 6. Peritoneum serous membranes surrounding
  Abdominopelvic

77
Pericardial Membranes
78
Example of lungs

• Serous Membranes of the LUNGS
• 1. The membrane on the surface of the lung is
  called visceral pleura.
• 2. The membrane that lines the cavity in which
  the lungs are located is called parietal pleura.
• 3. The space between these two membranes is
  called the pleural cavity, and it is filled with
  serous fluid.

79
Example of the heart

• Serous Membranes of the HEART ,
• 1. The membrane on the surface of the heart is
  called visceral pericardium.
• 2. The membrane that lines the cavity in which
  the heart is located is called parietal
  pericardium.
• 3. The space between these two membranes is
  called the pericardial cavity, and it is filled
  with serous fluid

80
Example of the abdomen

• Serous Membranes of the ABDOMINAL ORGANS
• 1. The membrane on the surface of the liver,
  stomach, etc. is called visceral peritoneum.
• 2. The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
  is called parietal peritoneum.
• 3. The space between these two membranes is
  called the peritoneal cavity, and it is filled
  with serous fluid.

81
Paritoneal Cavity
82
Pleural and Pericardial Cavity
83
(No Transcript)
84
Abdominopelvic Regions
85
(No Transcript)
86
(No Transcript)
87
(No Transcript)
88
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
89
(No Transcript)
90
The Systems
91
(No Transcript)
92
Integumentary System

• 1. Forms the external body covering. Regulates
  body temperature.
• 2. Protects deeper tissue from injury.
• 3. Synthesizes vitamin D.
• 4. Site of cutaneous receptors such as pain and
  pressure.
• 5.Contains the skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil
  glands, sensory glands.

93
Skin
94

• Nutrients and oxygen are distributed by the blood
• Metabolic wastes are eliminated by the urinary
  and respiratory systems

95
Integumentary Video
96
Skeletal System

• 1. Protects and supports the body systems.
• 2. Provides a framework the muscles use to cause
  movement.
• 3. Blood cells are formed within bones.
• 4. Stores minerals.
• 5. Contains the bones, ligaments, and cartilage.

97
(No Transcript)
98
Muscular System

• 1. Allows manipulation of the environment,
  locomotion, and facial expression.
• 2. Maintains posture.
• 3. Produces heat.

99
Cat Neck and Chest Muscles
100
Muscle Cells
101
Skeletal and Muscular Video
102
Nervous System

• 1. Fast-acting control system of the body.
• 2. Responds to internal and external changes by
  activating appropriate muscles and glands.
• 3. Contain the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and
  sense organs.

103
(No Transcript)
104
Nervous Video
105
Endocrine System

• 1. Glands secrete hormones that regulate
  processes such as growth, reproduction, and
  nutrient use by the body cells.
• 2. Contain the pituitary gland, thyroid,
  parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries,
  testes, pineal gland, thymus gland.

106
The Endocrine System
107
Endocrine Video
108
Cardiovascular System

• 1. Blood vessels transport blood which carries
  oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste.
• 2. The heart pumps blood.
• 3. Contain the heart, arteries, veins,
  capillaries, and blood.

109
The Heart/Blood Vessels
110
Blood Cells
Red blood cells transport oxygen around the body
and white blood cells help protect us against
infections.

• White Blood Cell

• Red Blood Cells

111
Cardiovascular Video
112
Lymphatic/Immunity System

• 1. Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and
  returns it to the blood.
• 2. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream.
• 3. House white blood cells (lymphocytes).
• 4. The immune response mounts the attack against
  foreign substances in the body.
• 5. Contain the lymphatic vessels, fluid, nodes,
  thymus gland and spleen.

113
Lymphatic System
114
Lymphatic System
115
Respiratory System

• 1. Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen
  and removes carbon dioxide.
• 2. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls
  of the air sacs of the lungs.
• 3. Contain the lungs, nasal cavities, pharynx,
  larynx, trachea, bronchi.

116
(No Transcript)
117
Respiratory System
118
Digestive System

• 1. Breaks down food into absorbable units that
  enter the blood for distribution to body cells.
• 2. Contain the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx,
  esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas,
  small and large intestines.

119
(No Transcript)
120
Liver Cells
121
Digestive System
122
Urinary System

• 1. Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body.
• 2. Regulates water, electrolytes, and acid-base
  balance of the blood.
• 3. contain the kidneys, ureters, urinary
  bladder, and urethra

123
Urinary System
124
Reproductive Systems

• 1. Overall function of production of offspring.
• 2. Testis produce sperm and male sex hormones.
  Ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the
  female reproductive tract.
• 3. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones.
  Structures serve as sites for fertilization and
  development of a fetus. Mammary glands produce
  milk for the newborn.

125
Reproductive Systems