Participatory Appraisals

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UPA Package 5, Module 3

• Participatory Appraisals

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Typology of Participation

• Participation can comprise
• passive participation,
• participation in information giving,
• participation by consultation,
• participation for material incentives,
• functional participation,
• interactive participation and
• self-mobilisation.

SourceDFID 2002 7.4
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Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA)

• Rapid Rural Appraisal
• involves communities in their own needs
  assessment, problem identification and ranking
  projects for implementation and community action
  plans and
• uses a wide range of tools, often within a focus
  group discussion format to elicit spatial, time
  related and social or institutional data.

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Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)

• PRA is a growing family of approaches and methods
  enabling local people to share, analyse and
  enhance their knowledge of their living
  conditions, to plan and to act.
• The most common techniques used in PRA are
• cross-walking,
• semi-structured interviews,
• focus group discussion,
• preference ranking,
• mapping and modelling and
• seasonal and historical diagrams.

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Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)

• PRA is
• a cross-disciplinary, cross-sectoral approach to
  engage communities in development through
  interactive and participatory processes
• It builds upon the techniques of Rapid Rural
  Appraisal.

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PRA in an Urban Context

• Participatory Urban Appraisal (PUA)
• applies the toolkit of PRA in an urban context.
• Participatory Urban Decision Making
• comprises four phases
• preparatory and stakeholder analysis
• issue prioritisation and stakeholder commitment
• strategy formulation and implementation
• follow-up and consolidation.

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Common Organisational Forms

• Task Force
• A small team (6-12) who work together
  temporarily to achieve a specific goal.
• Citizen Advisory Group
• A permanent and voluntary body made up of 15-20
  representatives from relevant public sectors.
• Public Forum
• An event where a larger number of persons are
  gathered to exchange views and ideas on a
  specific issue.
• It is similar to a public hearing.
• Source Urban Planning and Management Project,
  2002 28

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Participatory Action Research (PAR)

• The key elements combine
• research,
• education and
• socio-political action.
• An experiential method to aquire
• reliable knowledge upon which to build power or
  countervailing power for the poor, oppressed and
  exploited groups and social classes and
• for their authentic organisation and movement.
• Oppressed groups should be enabled to acquire
  sufficient creative and transforming leverage to
  achieve the goals of social transformation.

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City Consultation Principles

• Inclusiveness
• Continuity (not an end to itself)
• Demand driven
• Bottom-up
• Co-operation, not confrontation
• Conflict resolution
• Flexibility

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Elements of the City Development Strategy (CDS)

• Urban Pact
• Stakeholder Working Group
• Action Plan
• Operational Programme Formulation
• Demonstration Project
• Environmental Management Information Systems
• Conflict Resolution
• Monitoring
• Guidelines for Programme Evaluation
• Institutionalisation