Title: New Empires in the Americas
1New Empires in the Americas
2Chapter 2 Timeline page 35
1416 1492 1533 1609 1619 1738
Prince Henry the Navigator establishes a center for naval exploration at Sagres, Portugal Christopher Columbus lands in the Bahamas Francisco Pizarro and his men kill Inca leader Atahualpa Henry Hudson makes his first voyage to North America The first Africans in North America arrive in Jamestown Former slaves built Fort Mose, the first free black settlement in North America
3Chapter 2 Timeline
1519 1519 1534 1548 1587 1520-1860
Ferdinand Magellan led an expedition to circumnavigate the world Hernan Cortez landed in Mexico and conquered the Aztec Empire Conquistador Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire Fernandez de Oviedo reported the effects of European diseases on the Taino people of Hispaniola The Roanoke Colony disappeared 12 million Africans were shipped across the Atlantic to the Americas
4Chapter 2 Timeline
1624
Peter Minuit bought Manhattan Island for the Native Americans for 24. He also founded the towns of New Amsterdam (New York) and New Sweden.
5Fort Mose, Florida (Page 33 FL 2)
- In 1738, former slaves built Fort Mose, the first
free black settlement in North America.
6Section 1 Europeans Set Sail
- The Big Idea
- Europeans explored the world, searching for new
lands and new trade routes. - Main Ideas
- Vikings were skilled sailors, and they were the
first Europeans to reach North America. - Prince Henry the Navigator established a school
for sailors and provided financial support that
enabled the Portuguese to start exploring the
oceans. - Portuguese sailors sailed around Africa and found
a sea route to Asia.
7Main Idea 1Vikings were skilled sailors, and
they were the first Europeans to reach North
America.
- Vikings came from Scandinavia.
- They raided countries throughout Europe and
developed large trading networks. - In 1000 Leif Eriksson sailed from Norway to the
North American coast after having been blown off
course by a storm. - Landed on the Labrador Peninsula in present-day
Canada - Sailed further south to Newfoundland and perhaps
even into New England - Created a North American settlement, but attacks
by Native Americans and the areas isolation
prompted the Vikings to return to Europe
8Main Idea 2 Prince Henry the Navigator
established a school for sailors and provided
financial support that enabled the Portuguese to
start exploring the oceans.
Henry the Navigator
- Made great advances in exploration in the 1400s
- Prince Henry built an observatory and founded a
school of navigation. - Financed research by mapmakers and shipbuilders
- Paid for expeditions to explore the coast of
Africa
9The Caravel page 39
10Advancement of Exploration
Motivations for Exploration
- To find sea routes to develop additional trade
with Asia - To spread Christianity and convert more people
- Many Europeans wanted to learn more about Asia
and its culture.
Technological Advances
- Better instruments made it possible for sailors
to travel the open seas. - The astrolabe enabled navigators to use the stars
to chart location. - The Portuguese began designing ships that were
smaller, lighter, and easier to steer. - Caravels used triangular sails that allowed ships
to sail against the wind.
11Sea Routes in Asia page 40
12Main Idea 3Portuguese sailors sailed around
Africa and found a sea route to Asia.
- In 1488 Bartolomeu Dias led an exploration from
Portugal southward along African coast,
discovering the southern tip of Africa, the Cape
of Good Hope.
- In 1497 Vasco da Gama sailed around the Cape of
Good Hope and landed in India, winning the
European race for a sea route to Asia.
13Results of Exploration
- As Portuguese sailors explored the west coast of
Africa, they negotiated for gold, ivory, and
slaves. - Devastated African communities
- Broke up many families
- Led to increased warfare among kingdoms
- Slaves were sent to Europe and to islands in the
Atlantic where they endured brutal living
conditions. - New trade increased Portuguese wealth and power.
- Other European countries launched their own
voyages of exploration.
14Portuguese Routes of Exploration page 41
15Section 2 Europeans Reach the Americas
- The Big Idea
- Christopher Columbuss voyages led to new
exchanges between Europe, Africa, and the
Americas. - Main Ideas
- Christopher Columbus sailed across the Atlantic
Ocean and reached a continent that was previously
unknown to him. - After Columbuss voyages, other explorers sailed
to the Americas.
16Main Idea 1Christopher Columbus sailed across
the Atlantic Ocean and reached a continent that
was previously unknown to him.
- Christopher Columbus, a sailor from Genoa, Italy,
heard stories of great wealth in Asia. - He persuaded King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of
Spain to pay for an expedition across the
Atlantic. - On August 3, 1492, Columbus set sail across the
Atlantic with three ships. - On October 12, 1492, he reached the Americas.
- Columbus thought he could reach Asia by sailing
west across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain.
17Columbuss Voyages, 1942-1504 page 43
18Columbus in the Americas
- Columbus and his crew landed in the Bahamas, on
an island he named San Salvador. - He called the native people Indians because he
thought he was in the Indies. - Columbus was interested in gold, not the culture
of the native people. - He made three more voyages to the Americas.
- The impact of Columbuss voyages on the world was
not realized until years after his death. - Columbus was concerned about creating towns,
controlling the collecting of gold, mayors of
towns, priest, and a church.
19Impact of Columbus
- Changed the way Europeans thought of the world
and their place in it. - Began a new era of interaction between Europe and
the Americas. - Created conflict as countries vied to add lands
to their empires. - In 1493 Pope Alexander VI, from Spain, decreed
the Line of Demarcation through the Atlantic
Ocean that allowed Spain to claim all lands west
of the line. - Portugal and Spain then signed an agreement, the
Treaty of Tordesillas, which moved the Line of
Demarcation 800 miles further west.
20Main Idea 2 After Columbuss voyages, other
explorers sailed to the Americas.
3. America was named for Amerigo Vespucci, who
sailed to South America in 1501.
Vespucci
Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed Central America to
discover the Pacific Ocean.
Balboa
4. Ferdinand Magellan headed an expedition in
1519 that eventually circumnavigated, or sailed
around, the world.
Magellan
21The Columbian Exchange
- Explorers brought plants, animals, and diseases
to the New World of the Americas and brought
back plants and animals to the Old
WorldEurope, Asia, and Africa. - The Columbian Exchange is the name given to this
transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between
Europe and the Americas. - Explorers brought horses, cattle, pigs, and
grains such as barley and wheat to the Americas. - Europeans took back such American plants as corn,
tomatoes, tobacco, and cocoa.
22The Columbian Exchange page 45Exit Ticket
- The Columbian Exchange brought new foods and
products to Europe and the Americans. - The Columbian also brought slaves from Africa to
the Americas.
23Columbian Exchange
24Triangular Trade page 92
25Section 3 Spain Builds an Empire
- The Big Idea
- Spain established a large empire in the Americas.
- Main Ideas
- Spanish conquistadors conquered the Aztec and the
Inca empires. - Spanish explorers traveled through the
borderlands of New Spain, claiming more land. - Spanish settlers treated Native Americans
harshly, forcing them to work on plantations and
in mines.
26Main Idea 1Spanish conquistadors conquered the
Aztec and the Inca empires.
- Conquistadors were Spanish soldiers who led
military expeditions in the Americas. - Hernán Cortés led a military expedition to Mexico
in 1519. - Cortés heard of a wealthy land ruled by a king
named Moctezuma II.
27Conquest of the Aztec Empire
- Moctezuma II ruled the Aztec Empire from his
capital city of Tenochtitlán. - The Aztecs had thousands of warriors.
- Cortés had several hundred soldiers and sailors,
as well as horses and guns. - Moctezuma welcomed Cortés but was seized by the
Spanish and later killed during fighting. - The Spanish overthrew the Aztec Empire with the
aid of the Aztecs enemies. - The Aztecs had also been weakened by smallpox and
other diseases brought by the Spanish.
28Pizarros Conquest of the Inca
- Francisco Pizarro, another conquistador, led a
military expedition to the Inca Empire in the
Andes Mountains of South America. - The Inca ruled over territory that stretched from
present-day Chile to Colombia. - Pizarros forces killed the Inca ruler.
- Pizarro, with the aid of Native American allies,
had conquered the Inca by 1534.
29Early American Empires
Civilization Location/Leaders Characteristics/Culture Achievements/Technologies
Maya 1000 BC began farming 200 AD began forming cities 250-900 AD began forming large cities 1500 AD power had faded Mexico, Honduras, Belize, Guatemala Capital None King Pacal Religion many gods, Sun God, Moon God, Maize God, human sacrifice Government Theocracy studied the stars Crops beans, squash, avocados, maize Resources cotton, cacao, obsidian, jade, bird feathers, gold, deer, rabbits, monkeys Stone pyramids, temples, statues 365 day calendar, 260 day calendar Calendars that determined length of the year Observatories Number system and symbol for 0 Writing system of Detailed Written Records Books Canals, terraces, Hieroglyphics
Aztec Began in Mid-1100 AD 1521 AD Empire Ended Mexico Capital Tenochtitlan built in 1325 AD on Lake Texacoco Emperor Moctezuma II Religion many gods, human sacrifice Crops cotton, maize Formed alliances, controlled trade, collected tribute Huge Military Resources cotton, gold, silver, gems, bright feathers Stone pyramids, temples, statues Causeways, canals, Hieroglyphics Chinampas (floating gardens) Calendar Study astronomy Detailed Written records Jewelry and mask Artisans used gold, gems and bright bird feathers Women embroidered colorful designs of cloth they wove
Inca Began in Mid-1400s AD In 1537 AD Spanish began to rule the Empire South America Capital Cuzco Ruler Pachacuti Language Quechua Andes Mountains Religion many gods, rarely human sacrifice, mummies Crops maize, peanuts, potatoes, Resources -llamas Stone pyramids, temples, masonry Largest empire (over 12 million people) 10,000 miles of stone roads Terraces, Hieroglyphics Bridges Gold and silver jewelry, pottery Records kept with knotted cords called quipus Fine textiles
30Spanish Explorations, 1513-1542 page 49
31Spanish Settlements
- The Spanish called their vast empire New Spain.
- Jews, Muslims, and non-Christians were forbidden
to settle there. - Royal officials ruled the empire through
viceroys, or royal governors. - Three types of settlements were established
- Pueblos served as trading posts and centers of
government. - Missions were founded by priests to convert local
Native Americans to Catholicism. - Presidios, or military bases, protected towns and
missions. - Settlers built El Camino Real, an extensive road
system, to link the empire.
32Reasons for Spanish Victory page 48
33Spanish Viceroyalties, c 1700 page 50
34Main Idea 2Spanish explorers traveled through
the borderlands of New Spain,
claiming more land.
- Many other Spanish explorers came to North
America in the 1500s to find treasure. - Juan Ponce de León explored present-day Florida
in 1513. - Hernando de Soto traveled through Florida and
North Carolina in 1539. - Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, accompanied by a
slave named Estevanico and a few others,
journeyed on foot throughout the North American
Southwest. - De Vacas account of their journey inspired
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado to continue
exploration, leading to the discovery of the
Grand Canyon.
- Spains American colonies helped make it wealthy.
- Tons of gold and silver were brought to Spain
from the Aztec and Inca empires. - Food was also grown in Mexico and Peru to support
Spains expanding empire.
35Catholicism in the Americas
- Spain commanded priest to convert American
Indians to Christianity.
36Spanish America
Government Religion Labor
viceroyalties increased infrastructure bureaucracy taxes spread of Christianity enslavement cruel/harsh working conditions influx of new diseases
37Main Idea 3Spanish settlers treated Native
Americans harshly, forcing them to work on
plantations and in mines.
- The encomienda system gave settlers the right to
tax local Native Americans or make them work. - Most Spanish treated Native Americans like
slaves. - Native Americans were forced to work on
plantations, or large farms, to work in mines,
and to herd cattle. - Bartolomé de Las Casas, a Spanish priest, wrote
books and letters defending Native American
rights.
38Section 4 The Race for Empires
- The Big Idea
- Other European nations challenged Spain in the
Americas. - Main Ideas
- Events in Europe affected settlement of North
America. - Several explorers searched for a Northwest
Passage to the Pacific Ocean. - European nations raced to establish empires in
North America.
39Main Idea 1 Events in Europe affected
settlement of North America.
- Martin Luther, a German priest, protested the
practices of the Catholic Church in 1517 leading
to a religious reform movement called the
Protestant Reformation. - Reformers became known as Protestants.
- The printing press, a machine that produces
printed copies, helped spread the ideas of the
Reformation. - Conflict between Catholics and Protestants in
Europe often led to civil war. - King Henry VIII defied the pope and founded the
Church of England, or Anglican Church, in 1534.
40Spain and England Go to War
- King Philip II used Spains wealth to lead a
Counter-Reformation against the Protestants. - Philip sent the Spanish Armada to England to
overthrow Queen Elizabeth and the Anglican
Church. - The smaller English fleet defeated the Armada.
- Spain was also weakened by economic problems,
including inflation, a rise in the price of goods
caused by an increase in the amount of money in
use. - England, France, and the Netherlands challenged
Spanish power in the Americas.
41Main Idea 2 Several explorers searched for a
Northwest Passage to the Pacific Ocean.
Italian sailor John Cabot, sailing for the
English, searched for a passage to the Pacific
Ocean along the coast of Canada and Newfoundland.
This became the basis of Englands claim to North
America.
Cabot
Frenchman Jacques Cartier sailed down the Saint
Lawrence river all the way to present-day
Montreal, claiming lands for France.
Cartier
The English captain Henry Hudson led a Dutch
expedition to present-day New York in 1609.
Hudson
42Northwest Passage page 55
43Main Idea 3 European nations raced to establish
empires in North America.
- Spanish and Portuguese were the early leaders in
exploration and colonization of Central America,
the Caribbean, and South America. - English, French and Dutch then focused on North
America for expansion of their empires.
44English Settlement
- The English decided to found a colony in North
America in the late 1500s. - Sir Walter Raleigh received a charter, a document
giving him permission to start a colony. - He sent an expedition that landed in present-day
North Carolina and Virginia. - The colony established at Roanoke by John White
in 1587, in what is now Virginia, mysteriously
disappeared.
45European Exploration of the Americas, 1492-1682
page 56
46Roanoke Colonypage 54
- Sir Walter Raleigh built a colony on Roanoke
Island. The English colonist of Roanoke had a
hard life. They fought with Native Americans and
had trouble finding food. - John White resettled Roanoke in 15 87, after a
few months he went back to England for supplies.
When he returned he found the colony deserted.
The only clue found to the fate of the colonist
was the word Croatoan carved to a post. To this
day no one is certain what happened to the lost
colony at Roanoke.
47French Empire in North America
First settlements were in Florida, but they were
soon destroyed and the settlers driven out by the
Spanish.
The explorations of Jacques Cartier and Samuel de
Champlain gave France a claim in the north, in
present-day Canada along the Saint Lawrence River.
The North American territory that spread out from
the St. Lawrence River in the late 1600s was
called New France.
Fur traders, explorers, and missionaries
populated the region.
René-Robert de La Salle claimed lands along the
Mississippi River and in the Mississippi Valley.
French settlers developed close trading
relationship with the Native Americans.
48Dutch and Swedish Presence
- New Netherland
- The Dutch came to America for trade.
- They settled land between the Delaware and Hudson
rivers. - Manhattan Island was purchased from local Native
Americans and called New Amsterdam.
- New Sweden
- Colonists settled along the Delaware River.
- New Christina, the first Swedish settlement, was
founded in 1638. - The Dutch conquered New Sweden in 1655.
49Section 5 Beginnings of Slavery in the Americas
- The Big Idea
- Europeans forced millions of African slaves to
work in their colonies. - Main Ideas
- European diseases wiped out much of the Native
American population, causing colonists to look
for a new labor force. - Europeans enslaved millions of Africans and sent
them to work in their colonies. - Slaves in the Americas created a distinct culture.
50Main Idea 1 European diseases wiped out much of
the Native American population, causing colonists
to look for a new labor force.
- Europeans were immune, or had a natural
resistance, to diseases common in Europe like
measles, smallpox, and typhus. - Native Americans had no resistance to these
diseases, and millions died in the years after
the Europeans arrived. - With a shortage of Native American workers,
Spanish and Portuguese plantation owners had to
find other sources of cheap labor. - Slaves from West Africa were brought to America
and the African slave trade flourished.
51Main Idea 2 Europeans enslaved millions of
Africans and sent them to work in their colonies.
- In 1510 Spanish government legalized the sale of
slaves in the colonies. - Most slaves came from the interior of Africa.
- One out of every six slaves died along the Middle
Passage, the voyage across the Atlantic Ocean to
reach the Americas, because of horrible living
conditions. - Slave trade led to the African Diaspora, as
enslaved Africans were sent all across the world. - Colonial leaders worked to regulate slave
treatment and behavior, but treatment of enslaved
Africans varied. - Between the 1520s and 1800s about 12 million
Africans were shipped across the Atlantic.
52African Diaspora in the United States page 60
53The Slave Trade
54Main Idea 3Slaves in the Americas created a
distinct culture.
- Slaves in the Americas came from diverse
backgrounds, but shared many customs and
viewpoints. - They built upon what they had in common to create
a new African American culture.
55Slave Culture
- Family
- Vital part of slave culture
- Provided a refuge, a place not fully under the
slaveholders control - Faced many challenges, including being broken
apart
- Religion
- Christianity blended with traditional African
elements - Gave sense of self-worth and hope
- Spirituals were a common form of religious
expression. - Used songs and folktales to tell their stories of
hope, sorrow, agony, and joy.
- Art and Dance
- Form of expression
- Dances were important social events in slave
communities. - Heavily influenced by African traditions.
56Slave Trade in the Americas
- Native Americans dying from European diseases
- Need for cheap labor for plantations
- West Africans had immunity to most European
diseases
- African Diaspora
- Middle Passage Deaths
- Harsh/cruel treatment of enslaved Africans
- Formation of African American culture
57Chapter 2 Review page 65
58Important Facts
- Columbuss travels to the Americas created a
conflict between Spain and Portugal - The Treaty of Tordesillas moved the Line of
Demarcation 800 miles further west - The colonist of Roanoke abandoned the site for a
reason that remains a mystery
59Important Facts
- Searches for the Northwest Passage were
significant because they raised European interest
in North America - Conquistadors biggest advantage in defeating the
Aztec and the Inca was steel armor and weapons - The Columbian Exchange had deadly effects such as
infecting Native Americans with new and deadly
diseases
60- The Columbian Exchange had deadly effects such as
infecting Native Americans with new and deadly
diseases
61Important Facts
- Quebec was a small colony on the Saint Lawrence
River which opened trading routes for the French
62Important Facts
- The El Camino Real was a network of paths
connecting the communities of New Spain - Spain commanded priest to convert American
Indians to Christianity or Catholicism - About 12 million Africans were shipped across the
Atlantic as slaves between 1520s and 1860s
63Important Facts
- Colonist in need of cheap labor turned to slaves
from West Africa because West African slaves had
already built up immunity to European diseases - Dutch settlers practiced religious toleration
because they thought it would attract more
colonist - The Aztec Empire exist in present day Mexico
64Important Facts
- Many Native Americans died as a result of
exposure to new diseases brought by European
explorers. - King Phillip IIs launching of the Spanish Armada
against Englands Queen Elizabeth I and her sea
dogs showed that Spains religious allegiance was
to the Catholic Church.
65Important People
- Ferdinand Magellan was the first explorer to
circumnavigate the globe - Jacques Cartier claimed land for France during
his two trips to Canada
66Important People
- Peter Minuit was a Dutchman who founded New
Amsterdam and helped found New Sweden - Bartolome de Las Casas wrote books and letters
defending the American Indians to change Spains
way of governing the Americas. He wrote Brief
Account of the Devastation of the Indies
67Important People
- Fernandez de Oviedo wrote there are not now
believed to be at the present time five hundred
persons left. He was writing about the effects
of infection on the Taino people of Hispaniola
68Important People
- Francisco Pizarro was a Spaniard who led the
defeat of the Inca - Juan Ponce de Leon landed on Puerto Rico in 1508,
conquered it by 1511, and founded the city of San
Jaun
69Important People
- Christopher Columbuss explorations were funded
by king Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain - Hernan Cortez was a Spanish conquistador who led
the destruction of the Aztec Empire - Vasco de Gama was the first European to discover
a sea route to Asia - Leif Eriksson and his crew landed on the labrador
peninsula in present day Canada
70Important People
- Prince Henry the Navigator helped Portugal become
a leader in world exploration - Martin Luther publicly criticized the Roman
Catholic Church with his ninety-five theses
71Important People
- Moctezuma II war the ruler of the Aztec Empire
- Malintzin was the Indian Woman who helped Cortes
win allies to fight the Aztecs
72Important Terms
- The ecomienda system granted the Spanish settlers
the right to tax local American indians or make
them work - Plantations large farms that grew just one kind
of crop and made enormous profits for their owners
73Important Terms
- African Diaspora refers to the scattering of
enslaved Africans all across the New World - Middle Passage describes the voyage taken by
slaves across the Atlantic Ocean
74Important Terms
- Astrolabe aided explorers in finding new
continents by allowing ship navigators to check
location by charting the position of celestial
bodies - Caravel a special type of ship that featured
important advances in sailing technology
75Important Terms
- Presidios were Spanish military bases in New
Spain or the Americas
76Important Places
- Tenochtitlan was capital of the Aztec Empire, it
was located on a lake in Central Mexico