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A Global Movement to Protect Children

• The International Centre for Missing Exploited
  Children (ICMEC) is the leading global service
  agency working to protect the worlds children
  from exploitation and abduction.

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ICMEC Core Functions

• Works to combat child abduction and child sexual
  exploitation globally
• Provides training and assistance to law
  enforcement, legal professionals, NGOs, and
  governments
• Advocates for changes in laws, treaties, and
  systems to protect children worldwide
• Promotes the creation of national centers based
  on a public-private partnership model
• Leads a global financial coalition to eradicate
  commercial child pornography

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Global Campaign Against Child Pornography

• Model Child Pornography Legislation
• Financial Coalition Against Child Pornography
• Training and Technology

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Scope of the Problem

• Cyberspace is home to more than one million
  images of tens of thousands of children being
  subjected to sexual abuse and exploitation.
• (ECPAT International, Violence Against Children
  in Cyberspace)
• 200 new images of child pornography are posted
  daily.
• (Wortley and Smallbone, Child Pornography on the
  Internet)

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Victims are getting younger

• In 2009, of reports made to the Internet Watch
  Foundation in the U.K.
• 72 of victims appeared to be children ages 10 or
  younger
• 23 appeared to be 6 years of age or younger
• 3 appeared to be 2 years of age or younger.
• (Internet Watch Foundation, 2009 Annual and
  Charity Report)
• A 2005 report out of the U.S. showed that out of
  all arrested child pornography possessors
• 83 had images of children ages 6 to 12
• 39 had images of children ages 3 to 5 and
• 19 had images of infants and toddlers under age
  3.
• (Janis Wolak et al., Child-Pornography Possessors
  Arrested in Internet-Related Crimes Findings
  from the National Juvenile Online Victimization
  Study, 2005)

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Images are becoming more graphic and violent

• 92 had images of minors focusing on genitals or
  showing explicit sexual activity
• 80 had pictures showing the sexual penetration
  of a child, including oral sex
• 21 had child pornography depicting violence such
  as rape, bondage, and torture.
• Most of these images involved children who were
  gagged, bound, blindfolded, or otherwise
  suffering sadistic sex.
• Janice Wolak et al., Child-Pornography Possessors
  Arrested in Internet-Related Crimes Findings
  from the National Juvenile Online Victimization
  Study 5 (Natl Ctr. for Missing Exploited
  Children ed., 2005)

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Challenge

• Laws in many countries are either non-existent or
  woefully inadequate to penalize those who seek to
  victimize children through sexual exploitation or
  abduction.

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Model Legislation

• Review of national legislation in place in the
  196 countries around the world to gain a better
  understanding of existing legislation and gauge
  where the issue stands on national political
  agendas.

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5 Questions Asked

• Does national legislation exist with specific
  regard to child pornography?
• Does national legislation define child
  pornography?
• Does national legislation criminalize
  computer-facilitated offenses?
• Does national legislation criminalize possession
  of child pornography, regardless of the intent to
  distribute?
• Does national legislation require Internet
  Service Providers (ISP) to report suspected child
  pornography to law enforcement or to some other
  mandated agency?

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Results

• 89 countries have no legislation at all that
  specifically addresses child pornography.
• An additional 62 countries have insufficient
  child pornography legislation.

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Global Movement Since 2006

• 19 countries have enacted legislation
  specifically criminalizing for the first time
  ever child pornography offenses
• 23 countries have passed legislation defining the
  crime of child pornography
• 26 countries have enacted legislation
  criminalizing computer-facilitated offenses
• 27 countries have enacted legislation
  criminalizing the simple possession of child
  pornography
• 2 countries have enacted legislation mandating
  ISPs to report suspected child pornography to law
  enforcement

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Recommendations

• Child for the purposes of child pornography
  offenses is defined as anyone under the age of
  18, regardless of the age of sexual consent.
• The phrase child pornography is defined and
  that this definition includes computer- and
  Internet-specific terminology.
• Offenses specific to child pornography are
  created within the national penal code, including
  criminalizing the knowing possession of child
  pornography, regardless of ones intent to
  distribute, and including provisions specific to
  downloading or viewing images on the Internet.
• There are criminal penalties for parents or legal
  guardians who acquiesce to their childs
  participation in child pornography.
• Those who make known to others where to find
  child pornography are penalized.

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Recommendations

• Grooming provisions are included, which penalize
  online enticement and the use of the Internet to
  entice, invite, or persuade a child to meet for
  sexual acts, or to help arrange such a meeting.
• Attempt crimes are punished.  
• Mandatory reporting requirements are established
  for healthcare and social service professionals,
  teachers, law enforcement officers, photo
  developers, information technology professionals,
  ISPs, credit card companies, and banks.
• The criminal liability of children victimized by
  child pornography is addressed. There should be
  no criminal liability for children involved in
  pornography.  
• Penalties for repeat offenders and organized
  crime participants are enhanced, and other
  aggravated factors are considered upon sentencing.

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International Law

• UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and
  Optional Protocols
• Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention (CETS
  185)
• Convention on the Protection of Children Against
  Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (CETS 201)

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Thank you!
Caroline Humer Program Director International
Centre for Missing Exploited Children
(ICMEC) Telephone [phone] chumer_at_icmec.or
g www.icmec.org
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