Title: Doing Sociology: Research Methods
1Chapter 2
- Doing Sociology Research Methods
2Chapter Outline
- The Research Process
- Objectivity in Sociological Research
- Ethical Issues in Sociological Research
3Two Main Goals of Science
- To describe in detail particular things or
events. - To propose and test theories that help us
understand these things or events.
4The Research Process
Step Typical Questions
Define the problem. What is the purpose of the study? What information is needed? How will the information be used?
Review previous research. What studies have been done on this topic? Do we need more information? From what perspective should we approach this issue?
5The Research Process
Step Typical Questions
Develop hypotheses. What are the independent and dependent variables and what is their relationship? What types of questions do we need to answer?
Determine the research design. Can we use existing data?What will we measure or observe? What research methods should we use?
6The Research Process
Step Typical Questions
Define the sample and collect data. Are we interested in a specific population? How large should the sample be? How long will it take to gather the data?
7The Research Process
Step Typical Questions
Analyze data and draw conclusions. What statistical techniques will we use? Have our hypotheses been proved or disproved? Is our information valid and reliable? What are the implications of our study?
8The Research Process
Step Typical Questions
Prepare the research report. Who will read the report? What is their level of familiarity with the subject? How should we structure the report?
9Goals of Research Design
- Provide for the collection of all necessary and
sufficient data to test the stated hypotheses. - Guard against the collection of unnecessary
information, which can lead to a waste of time
and money.
10Question
- If you possessed the money, skill, and other
necessary resources, in which one area would you
like to conduct research? - Racial profiling
- The cause(s) of sexual orientation
- Sexual assault and abuse
- The effects of divorce on children
11Research Methods Used by Sociologists
- Surveys
- Participant observation
- Experiments
- Secondary analysis
12Surveys
- Used to discover the distribution of certain
variables among large numbers of people. - Usually deals with large numbers of subjects in a
relatively short time.
13Participant Observation
- Used to study relatively small groups over an
extended period of time. - Goal is to observe individual and group behavior,
and interview selected informants. - Success depends on the relationship that develops
between the researchers and research
participants.
14Question
- Which of the following is a research method in
which a population or sample is questioned in
order to reveal specific facts about itself? - surveys
- participant observation
- experiments
- secondary analysis
15Answer A
- A survey is a research method in which a
population or sample is questioned in order to
reveal specific facts about itself.
16Question
- In which of the following research methods does
the researcher attempt to get to know all the
members of the group being studied to whatever
degree possible? - surveys
- participant observation
- experiments
- secondary analysis
17Answer B
- In participant observation the researcher
attempts to get to know all the members of the
group being studied to whatever degree possible.
18Objectivity in Sociological Research
- Three factors that impose values on research
- The scientific tradition within which the
scientist is educated. - Cultural, social, economic, and political
environment within which the scientist engages in
research. - Scientists temperament, inclinations, interests,
concerns, and experiences.
19Question
- A university asks you to participate in an
interview asking specific questions about your
cheating attitudes, experiences, and behaviors.
The researchers assure you confidentiality. How
likely are you to agree to the interview? - Very likely
- Somewhat likely
- Unsure
- Somewhat unlikely
- Very unlikely
20Advantages and Disadvantages of Research Methods
Method Advantages Disadvantages
Social survey Large numbers can be surveyed. Comparisons can be made among groups. Measures can be taken at different points. Respondents may give false information. Answers may not fit the standardized categories. There may be a low response rate.
21Advantages and Disadvantages of Research Methods
Method Advantages Disadvantages
Participant observation People are observed in their natural environment. Provides an in-depth understanding. Hypotheses can be developed and changed as research progresses Findings are subject to researcher bias. Researcher may have an influence on the subjects. The results may be difficult to replicate.
22Advantages and Disadvantages of Research Methods
Method Advantages Disadvantages
Experiment Variables can be isolated and controlled.Cause-and-effect relationships can be found. Easy to replicate Laboratory setting creates an artificial environment. Study has to be limited to a few variables.
23Advantages and Disadvantages of Research Methods
Method Advantages Disadvantages
Secondary analysis Useful for analyzing historical and longitudinal data. Saves time and money involved in doing a new study. The data may be flawed. Data may not be suitable for the current study.
24How to Read a Table
- Read the title. The title tells you the subject
of the table. - Check the source. Knowing the source of a table
can help you decide whether the information it
contains is reliable and recent. - Look for headnotes. Many tables contain headnotes
directly below the title. These may explain how
the data were collected, why certain variables
were studied, why the data are presented in a
particular way, etc.
25How to Read a Table
- Look for footnotes. Many tables contain footnotes
that explain limitations surrounding certain
data. - Read the labels or headings for each row and
column. - Examine the data.
26How to Read a Table
- Compare the data. Compare the data in the table
horizontally and vertically. - Draw conclusions. After examining the data in the
table, you might conclude that a person born in a
relatively developed country (Canada, Japan,
Spain, United States) is likely to live much
longer than is someone born in a poorer nation
(Afghanistan, India, Mozambique, Sri Lanka, and
Zimbabwe). - Pose new questions. The conclusions you reach
might well lead to new questions that could
prompt further research.
27Ethical Issues in SociologicalResearch
- Gans discussed three ethical dilemmas for the
researcher. - The degree of permissible risk, pain, or harm.
- The extent to which subjects should be deceived
in a study. - The disclosure of confidential or personally
harmful information.
28Quick Quiz
29- 1. The first step in the research process is to
- define the problem.
- review previous research.
- define the sample.
- analyze and interpret the data.
30Answer A
- The first step in the research process is to
define the problem.
31- 2. A testable statement about the relationship
between two or more variables is - a concept.
- a guess.
- an hypothesis.
- a statement of causality.
32Answer C
- A testable statement about the relationship
between two or more variables is an hypothesis.
33- 3. A researcher who joins Alcoholics Anonymous
for the purpose of doing an in-depth study of the
members would be using - an experiment.
- secondary analysis.
- a survey.
- participant observation.
34Answer D
- A researcher who joins Alcoholics Anonymous for
the purpose of doing an in-depth study of the
members would be using participant observation.
35- 4. The particular subset of a population chosen
for the study is referred to as a/the
_________________ .
36Answer sample
- The particular subset of a population chosen for
the study is referred to as a sample.