A Seminar On Qualitative Research:

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A Seminar On Qualitative Research:

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Barbara J. Risman Professor and Head Dept. of Sociology, University of Illinois at Chicago President of the Board of Directors, Council on Contemporary Families – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: A Seminar On Qualitative Research:

1
A Seminar On Qualitative Research

Barbara J. Risman
Professor and Head
Dept. of Sociology, University of Illinois at
Chicago
President of the Board of Directors, Council on
Contemporary Families
Vice-President Elect, American Sociological
Association
President-Elect, Southern Sociological Society
Co-Editor Gender Lens Series, Rowman
Littlefied
Past Editor, Contemporary Sociology
Nov 2014
University of Trento

2
Outline for the Workshop

Data Collection
Monday
Tuesday
Data Analysis
Wednesday
Thursday
Writing
Friday

3
Day One Data Collection

Introductions
Defining Method
Versus Design, Epistemology, Methodology
Types of Qualitative Research
Constructing Interview Schedules
Interview Techniques
Theory
Practice Exercise

4
Introductions

Something about me
Something about you
Why do you want to do research?
Your current Project

5
Defining our Terms

Epistemology
Theory of Knowledge
Method
Data Collection
Methodology
Application of Epistemology to Method
Research Design requires
Theory/Question
Sampling Strategy
Method
Methodology
Epistemology

6
This Seminar

Methodology
Data Collection
Data Management
Data Analysis
Writing Results
Beyond our Scope
Epistemology
Research Design
Theory/Question
Sampling

7
Qualitative Data collection
Techniques

Interviews
Open ended
Structured
Ethnography
Participant Observation
Observation
Archival Research- another course!
Historical documents
Literary Documents
Websites
Others?

8
Qualitative Interviews

Constructing an Interview Guide
Two hours maximum
Topical lt----------------gt Structured
From General to Specific/difficult/personal
Pilot Interviews- 4 or 5
Questions make sense
Interesting data?
Key Point Not a Survey
Interview guide is a GUIDE
Focus on Respondents Story
Let it wander if necessary
Team Projects Vs. Individual Research

9
Interview Process Issues

Establish good partnership
Record
Verbatim vivid speech
Nuances and complexities of speech
Relax and focus on interviewee
Drawbacks transcription time
Pay Attention to body cues
Withhold judgment
Avoid Leading Questions
Probe, Probe, Probe, Probe Details, concrete
Fieldnotes necessary TOO

10
Interview Data Management

Transcriptions
Verbatim or Selective
Interviewer or Paid Help
Fieldnotes
Body language notes inserted into text
Reflexivity statement for each interview intervie
w emotions and thoughts

11
(No Transcript)
12
Interview Technique Practice

Role Playing Volunteers
Interviewer/Interviewee
Dyadic Practice
Role Playing Volunteers

13
Life History Narrative Interview Schedule

Tell me a little bit about your family how many
family members you have, and their relationship
to you. You may include anyone whom you consider
to be a family member, whether related by blood
or marriage or not related.
Did your family change over time, that is, who
you lived with? If so, how?
Where were your parents born? What country or
countries are they citizens of?
Were you raised in a religion? If so, what one?
(If self and/or parents born outside the US) When
did you/your parents move to the United States?
What were the circumstances that brought you
here?
(Ask for each parent/guardian) What is the
highest level of education your (mom/dad/other)
completed?
Is your (mom/dad/other) working now? (If so) What
does s/he do?
What other jobs have they had in the past?

14
Personal Consultations
15
See you Tomorrow
16
Outline for the Workshop

Data Collection
Monday
Tuesday
Data Analysis
Wednesday
Thursday
Writing
Friday

17
Day Two Data Collection (cont.)

Ethics of Research
Fieldnotes
How and Why
Practice Exercise

18
Ethics of Research

Covert/Overt Status
When to disclose project?
Is deception ever ethical?
Considerations
Likelihood of Harm
Prospect of Benefit
Theoretical Important
Legal Requirements
Confidentiality
Guarantee anonymity
Confidentiality unnecessary when public behavior

19
Fieldnotes From Theory to Action

Ethnography
Insider vs. outsider
Are researchers ever really insiders?
Immersion
Participant Observation
Grasp what others experience as meaningful
Key informants and/or participants
Time in field over when saturation occurs
Adopt a Learner Role- help me understand
Analysis goes beyond beliefs of participants
Go beyond giving voice

20
Writing Fieldnotes

Use body as video-recorder
Perception and Interpretation Involved
Transform events into words
Involves choosing what to write about
How to frame
Inseparability of Methods and Findings
What ethnographer finds inherently connected with
how
Jot notes to help memory (if unobtrusive)
Record as close to occurrence as possible

21
Writing fieldnotes Cont.

Jotting notes
Pro Can prod memory
Con Can distract from staying in the moment
Notes must document own activities
Record as close to Occurrence as possible
Memories fade fast
To produce vivid fieldnotes
Avoid generalizations- give details
Jot down sensory details
Maintain detached observational attitude

22
Time Out for Epistemology Ethnography Versus
Participatory Action Research

Ethnography
Withhold judgement
Stay detached emotionally
Provide analysis
Participatory Action Research
Working with community
Change-oriented
Research is secondary
Interviews/observations targeted
Fieldnotes have different function activism
Must Choose Epistemology /Stay the Course

23
Fieldnote Experience

4 person teams
Go to sites that I have identified
Spend 15 minutes observing social world

24
Write Those Fieldnotes
25
Comparing Notes
26
Personal Consultations
27
See you Tomorrow
28
Outline for the Workshop

Data Collection
Monday
Tuesday
Data Analysis
Wednesday
Thursday
Writing
Friday

29
Day 3 Data Analysis-Atlas TI

Coding Techniques
Definitions
Cycles
Atlas Ti- getting started
Open it up- Exercises
Open Coding

30
Personal Characteristics necessary in a Coder

Organization
Perseverance
Deal well with ambiguity
Flexibility
Creativity
Rigorously Ethical
Extensive Vocabulary
Differences from a Quantitative Research?

31
Issues to Consider Coding

Definition of a code
Word/short phrase summarizes attribute of data
Heuristic to discover
Method matters
Grounded Theory - Open coding
Theoretically Driven - Use code sheet
Cycles of coding
Iterative from specific to categorical
Theory to discovery to theory again...
Individual Versus Collaborative Projects

32
Grounded Theory Coding
What do you take into account when choosing a
doctor?
Raw Data
Focused Coding
Theoretical Coding
Someone I really trust
Internal Validation
Pleasant disposition and friendly
Search Process for health care provider involves
internal and external validation. Involves
subjective and objective aspects
Usually I ask my friends if they have anyone
doctor that they like and if they could recommend
External Validation - subjective
The doctor better have a legit degree!
External Validation - objective
Board certification is impt, esp if Im looking
for a specialist
33
Theoretical Coding
34
Types of Coding

First Cycle Coding
Attribute
Exploratory
Descriptive
Second Cycle Coding
Conceptual focus
From specific to general categories
Emotive/Values
Hypothesis /Theoretical Coding
Iterative
and start all over again..
Theming the Data

35
Atlas TI Getting Started

Download free version www.atlasti.com/download or
open it on your classroom computer.
Hermeneutic Units (HU) Main Atlas work file
acts like a basket
Objects items you put in the basket, such as
Primary Documents (P-Docs or PDs)
Text, image, audio, or video
Quotations
Codes ( Code Families)
Memos

36
Atlas Ti Bringing the Data IN

Download the transcript files (exercise 1) to
your desktop. Put them all in one folder.
Creating an HU
Open Atlas, select Project?New Hermeneutic Unit
Importing P-Docs
Many ways, but easiest is Project?Add
Document(s)?Add Documents
Find them on desktop, select all, and hit OPEN
Will get message files successfully converted
Hit OK
Double check by hitting Pdoc manager button

37
Atlas ti Data Retrieval Screen Shot
38
Atlas TI Managing Coding

Applying Existing Codes
Highlight selection in P-Doc
Select third code button on left toolbar and
choose from existing code list
Managing Codes
Open Code Manager by double-clicking the word
codes next to drop-down code list
Codes are listed with two numbers - that
represent their groundedness and density
Groundedness How frequently a code occurs in
data
Density How interconnected a code is with other
codes no. of codes a chosen code is linked to
think network
These measures gain importance when revising
codes/doing focused coding

39
Atlas ti Starting to Code

Codes are denoted by yellow diamond symbol
Creating New Codes
Your own label
Highlight selection in P-Doc
Select the first code button on left toolbar
(looks like yellow diamond in middle of text)
Type in the code label(s) you want to apply to
selection
In Vivo codes (name comes from quote itself)
Highlight selection in P-Doc
Select second code button on left toolbar
Coded selections become quotations
Codes appear to the immediate right of the
quotation

40
Atlas ti Moving Beyond Open Coding

Writing Memos
Use memos to jot analytical ideas and/or to
document decision-making process
Select Memos? Create Free Memo from toolbar
atop HU screen
Name the Memo something intuitive and include the
date somewhere
Generating Output
Output documents can organize quotes in readable
and intuitive format for use in revising or
writing-up
We will explain this more as we go along

41
Atlas Ti EXERCISE 1

Download the 5 transcript files (exercise 1) to
your desktop. Put them all in one folder.
Creating an HU
Open Atlas, select Project?New Hermeneutic Unit
Importing P-Docs
Many ways, but easiest is Project?Add
Document(s)?Add Documents
Left hand column, hit desktop, select exercise 1
folder, select all, and hit OPEN
Will get message files successfully converted
Hit OK
Double check by hitting Pdoc manager button

42
Atlas ti Exercise 1

Looking at the Cindy Lauper transcript, use the
Edit?Search function to search for the word
gender (line 348)
Highlight this paragraph, then use the create a
new code icon to apply the following codes
gender, friendship, school
Be sure to hit add another code so they stay
distinct codes
Then click ok

43
Atlas ti Exercise 1

Use the P-Doc drop-down menu to select the Eugene
Martin transcript
Repeat the Edit?search for the word gender
Find the THIRD occurrence, then highlight the
paragraph and code it as gender, patriarchy,
religion (HINT You will have to add the new
codes with one icon but use the apply existing
codes icon for gender)

44
Atlas ti Exercise 1

Use the P-Doc drop-down menu to select the Ramona
Connell transcript
Repeat the Edit?search for the word gender
Find the first occurrence, then highlight the
paragraph and code it as gender, career,
kids (HINT You will have to add the new codes
with one icon but use the apply existing codes
icon for gender)

45
Atlas ti Exercise 1

Open the Codes on the top tool bar, then open
code manager window
You should see that the code gender has the
values 3-0 beside it, meaning it has a
frequency of 3 and therefore the highest
groundedness of our codes so far
Highlight the gender code and select
Output?Quotations for Selected Code(s) from
the toolbar above click Okay
Reviewing the quotes associated with gender, we
see that we might be conflating different aspects
of gender. Lets recode those items to be more
specific you may close the code manager

46
Atlas ti Exercise 1

First, lets note our thoughts in a memo. Select
Memos?Create Free Memo from the toolbar at
the top of the HU interface.
Name the Memo Gender Coding (date) with todays
date. We may use it later.
In the memo editor, type after reviewing the
gender quotes, I have decided to recode these to
reflect more specific operations close memo
manager window

47
Atlas ti Exercise 1

Go to code manager again (codes -gt code manager).
In the code manager, double click on the gender
code. A small window should pop up with the
applicable quotations.
Click on the first quote. The P-Doc viewer should
now show the quote in context (should be from the
Cindy Lauper doc).
In code manager, click the create new item icon
in the upper left of toolbar (looks like card
with spark behind it) and name a new code Gender
vs. Sex
Click on the Gender vs. Sex code in the code
list and drag it to where the gender code
appears to the right of the quote in the P-Doc
viewer. The new code should have replaced the old
one.

48
Atlas ti Exercise 1

Create 2 more new codes the same way
Gender Ideology Gender Identities
Find the next quote already associated with
gender (from Eugene Martin) and drag and drop
the Gender Ideology code to replace gender
Find the final quote associated with gender (by
double clicking on the gender code) and drag
and drop the Gender Identities code to replace
Gender
We have now recoded the gender quotes to be more
specific, and weve retained the gender code in
case new gender-related quotations arise
WELL DONE!

49
(No Transcript)
50
Exercise 2 Emergent Coding

Open the file for Salem Bee
Read the transcript and create codes that
emerge from the data

51
Emergent Coding Schemes
52
See You tomorrow!

Tuesday

Tuesday

53
Outline for the Workshop

Data Collection
Monday
Tuesday
Data Analysis
Wednesday
Thursday
Writing
Friday

54
Day 4 Data Analysis-Atlas TI

Review of Data Collection
Theoretically Driven Coding
From Coding to Analysis
Analytic memos

55
Hands on Experience

Theoretical Coding
Attribute Coding
Sex
Race
Immigrant Status
Creating Families
Intersectionality (if time permits)

56
Hands on exercise 3

Download all 10 transcripts under exercise 3
onto desktop. Keep them in 1 folder
Repeat the same steps in exercise 1
Creating an HU
Open Atlas, select Project?New Hermeneutic Unit
Importing P-Docs
Project?Add Document(s)?Add Documents
Find them on desktop, select all, and hit OPEN
Will get message files successfully converted
Hit OK
Double check by hitting Pdoc manager button

57
Theoretical CodING

Structured Coding Exercise
Gendered Beliefs
liberal
Conservative
Unclear/Neutral
Code all 10 interviews
Create these 3 new codes
Use them over and over again

58
Family Coding with attributes

These are the attributes for demographic data on
the sample you have downloaded
You will use these attributes to create
Families for Analysis

Respondent Names Race Sex Immigrant Status
Benny Goodman asian man 2nd gen
Jonathan Poem asian man 2nd gen
Bill Cornell asian man 2nd gen
Nancy Anderson asian woman 1st gen
Amy Lahey asian woman 2nd gen

Mark Rose white man Native-born
Peter Steele white man Native-born
Martha Brodowski white woman 1st gen
Brook Mullen white woman Native-born
Ramona Connell white woman 2nd gen
59
Creating Families

Family Codes
Think of it as grouping your p-docs into
meaningful categories
Just follow me here
Click p-docs button
Go to Documents
Go to Families
Click Open Families
Manager

60
Creating families

Just follow me here
Click icon (spark card) to create new family
Name new family women
In the field primary documents not in family,
choose pdocs that are women and click the left
arrow

61
Hands on exercise 4

Step 1
Click p-docs button
Go to Documents
Go to Families
Click Open Families
Manager

62
Hands on exercise 4

Step 2
Click icon (spark card) to create new family
Name new family white
In the field primary documents not in family,
choose pdocs that are white and click the left
arrow

63
Hands on exercise 4

Step 3
Double check by clicking once on white family
in pdoc manager
The right column will show you all the pdocs
associated with being white

64
Hands on exercise 4

Now you try
Create an asian family
Create a male family
Create a female family
If you have time, create the families for
immigrant status

65
Using output for Analysis

Now we will use families to help with our
analysis
women vs. men
Step 1
On your main HU, click Analysis, followed by
query tools

66
Using output for Analysis

Step 2
Click scope

67
Using output for Analysis

Step 3
Under primary doc families, click male
In candidate quotations in query, you are able
to preview of the quotations and primary
documents and codes
Then ok

68
Using output for Analysis

Step 4
Choose the codes that you are interested in
In this example, I choose beliefs_liberal
Click beliefs_liberal
Click the printer icon and click full content
And choose editor and click ok

69
Using output for Analysis

Now you will see an output with all the
quotations by men about their liberal gender
beliefs
Now youll try to generate an output with all the
quotations by women about their liberal gender
beliefs
Discussion compare and contrast how men and
women differ about their liberal gender beliefs

70
(No Transcript)
71
How to do Intersectional analysis?

Super Families Code
E.g. Race Gender
Think of it as families code that are
intersecting
Are there racial differences between and among
the sexes?
Step 1
P-Doc Manager
Click Documents
Click Families then click
Open Family Manager
Click Families then click
Open Super Family Tool

72
Intersectionality

Step 2
Choose Asian and Men to create your superfamily
Double Click on each category and they will
appear in Query Field
Note The manual cautions against using more than
2 families to create super families

73
intersectionality

Step 3
There are 4 symbols (they are called operators)
on the left (hovering your mouse cursor over them
will reveal what they are) click the 3rd
operator
In your query, you will see that you have you
have asked Atlas Ti to combine both Asian and Men
families
Click Create Super Family and name Asian Men

74
Intersectionality

You will see a new super family called Asian Men
created and it will be in red
In the field below create super family button,
you can double check if there are 3 asian men
pdocs
Close all the windows
You will use super families as filters next

75
Doing Intersectional Analysis

On your main HU, click Analysis, followed by
query tools

76
Doing intersectional analysis

Click scope on the bottom of the query tool page

77
Doing intersectional analysis

By selecting Asian Men, you are asking Atlas Ti
to limit the subsequent analysis to only this
superfamily
You can even double-check your work here
Click ok ? brings you back to query tool page

78
Doing intersectional analysis

Now, I want to see all the quotations by Asian
Men about their liberal gender beliefs
Under codes, I clicked beliefs_liberal and then
click the printer icon
Choose full content and select editor

79
Intersectional Analysis