Energy Resources

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Energy Resources
Preview
Section 1 Natural Resources Section 2 Fossil
Fuels Section 3 Alternative Resources
Concept Mapping
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Section 1 Natural Resources
Bellringer
Think about these items a plastic sandwich bag,
a pencil, a glass of water, 1 qt of motor oil, an
empty aluminum can, a wooden match, salt, and
some aquarium charcoal. What do these items have
in common? Write your answer in your science
journal.
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Section 1 Natural Resources
Objectives

• Describe how humans use natural resources.
• Compare renewable resources with nonrenewable
  resources.
• Explain three ways that humans can conserve
  natural resources.

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Section 1 Natural Resources
Earths Resources

• A natural resource is any natural material that
  is used by humans, such as water, petroleum,
  minerals, forests and animals.
• Most resources are changed and made into
  products that make peoples lives more
  comfortable and convenient.
• The energy we get from many of these resources
  ultimately comes from the suns energy.

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Section 1 Natural Resources
Renewable Resources

• A renewable resource is a natural resource that
  can be replaced at the same rate at which it is
  used.
• Although many resources are renewable, they
  still can be used up before they can be renewed.
• Trees, for example are renewable. However, some
  forests are being cut down faster than new
  forests can grow to replace them.

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Section 1 Natural Resources
Nonrenewable Resources

• Not all of Earths natural resources are
  renewable. A nonrenewable resource is a resource
  that forms at a rate that is much slower than the
  rate at which it is consumed.
• Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are examples of
  nonrenewable resources. When these resources are
  used up, humans will have to find other resources
  to replace them.

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Section 1 Natural Resources
Conserving Natural Resources

• Whether the natural resources you use are
  renewable or nonrenewable, you should be careful
  how you use them.
• To conserve natural resources, you should try to
  use them only when necessary.

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Section 1 Natural Resources
Conserving Natural Resources, continued

• Conserving resources also means taking care of
  the resources even when you are not using them.
• It is important to keep lakes, rivers, and other
  water resources free of pollution. Polluted water
  can harm plants and animals, including humans.

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Section 1 Natural Resources
Conserving Natural Resources, continued

• Energy Conservation The energy we use to heat
  our homes, drive our cars, and run our computers
  comes from natural resources.
• Most of the natural resources that provide us
  energy are nonrenewable resources. If we dont
  limit our use of energy now, the resources may
  not be available in the future.

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Section 1 Natural Resources
Conserving Natural Resources, continued

• Conserving energy is important. You can conserve
  energy by being careful to use only the resources
  that you need.
• Turn off lights when you are not using them.
  Ride a bike, walk, or take a bus because these
  methods use fewer resources than a car.

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Section 1 Natural Resources
Conserving Natural Resources, continued

• Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Another way to conserve
  natural resources is to recycle. Recycling is the
  process of reusing materials from waste or scrap.
• Recycling reduces the amount of natural
  resources that must be obtained from the Earth.
  Recycling paper reduces the number of trees that
  must be cut down to make new paper products.

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Section 1 Natural Resources
Conserving Natural Resources, continued

• Recycling also conserves energy. Energy is
  required to recycle materials, but it takes less
  energy to recycle an aluminum can than it does to
  make a new one.

• Newspaper, aluminum cans, most plastic
  containers, and some cardboard boxes can be
  recycled. Check with your local recycling center
  to learn more.

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Section 2 Fossil Fuels
Bellringer
What does the term fossil fuels imply about the
source of these fuels?   Write your answer in
your science journal.
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Section 2 Fossil Fuels
Objectives

• Describe what energy resources are.
• Identify three different forms of fossil fuels.
• Explain how fossil fuels form.
• Describe how fossil fuels are found and
  obtained.
• Identify four problems with fossil fuels.

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Section 2 Fossil Fuels
Energy Resources

• The fuels used to run cars, ships, planes, and
  factories, and to generate electrical energy are
  energy resources. Energy resources are natural
  resources that humans use to generate energy.
• Most of the energy we use comes from a group of
  natural resources called fossil fuels.

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Section 2 Fossil Fuels
Energy Resources, continued

• A fossil fuel is a nonrenewable energy resource
  formed from the remains of plants and animals
  that lived long ago. Petroleum, coal, and natural
  gas are examples of fossil fuels.
• Energy is released from fossil fuels when they
  are burned. But because fossil fuels are a
  nonrenewable resource, once they are burned, they
  are gone.

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Section 2 Fossil Fuels
Types of Fossil Fuels

• All living things are made up of the element
  carbon. Since fossil fuels are formed from the
  remains of plants and animals, all fossil fuels
  are made of carbon, too.
• Most of the carbon in fossil fuels exists as
  hydrogen-carbon compounds called hydrocarbons.
• Different fossil fuels have different forms.
  Fossil fuels may exist as liquids, gases, or
  solids.

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Section 2 Fossil Fuels
Types of Fossil Fuels, continued

• Liquid Fossil Fuels Petroleum A liquid mixture
  of complex hydrocarbon compounds is called
  petroleum. Petroleum is also commonly known as
  crude oil.
• Petroleum is separated into several kinds of
  products in refineries. Those products include
  gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel fuel, and
  fuel oil.

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Section 2 Fossil Fuels
Types of Fossil Fuels, continued

• More than 40 of the worlds energy comes from
  petroleum products. Petroleum products are the
  main fuel for forms of transportation, such as
  airplanes, trains, boats, and ships.
• Crude oil is so valuable that it is sometimes
  called black gold.

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Section 2 Fossil Fuels
Types of Fossil Fuels, continued

• Gaseous Fossil Fuels Natural Gas A gaseous
  mixture of hydrocarbons is called natural gas.
  Most natural gas is used for heating, but it is
  also used for generating electrical energy.
• An advantage of natural gas is that using it
  causes less air pollution than using oil does.
  However, natural gas is very flammable. Gas leaks
  can lead to fires or deadly explosions.

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Section 2 Fossil Fuels
Types of Fossil Fuels, continued

• Methane, CH4, is the main component of natural
  gas. But other components, such as butane and
  propane, can be separated from natural gas, too.
• Butane and propane are often used as fuel for
  camp stoves and outdoor grills.

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Section 2 Fossil Fuels
Types of Fossil Fuels, continued

• Solid Fossil Fuels Coal The solid fossil fuel
  that humans use most is coal. Coal is a fossil
  fuel that is formed underground from partially
  decomposed plant material.
• Coal was once the major source of energy in the
  United States. People burned coal in stoves to
  heat their homes. Man trains in the 1800s and
  1900s were powered by coal-burning steam
  locomotives.

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Section 2 Fossil Fuels
How Do Fossil Fuels Form?

• Petroleum and Natural Gas Formation All types
  of fossil fuels form from the buried remains of
  ancient organisms. Petroleum and natural gas form
  mainly from the remains of microscopic sea
  organisms.
• When these organisms dies, the remains settle on
  the ocean floor where the remains decay and are
  buried to become part of the ocean sediment. Over
  time, the sediment slowly becomes rock, trapping
  the decayed remains.

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Section 2 Fossil Fuels
How Do Fossil Fuels Form?, continued

• Through physical and chemical changes over
  millions of years, the remains become petroleum
  and gas.
• Gradually, more rocks form above the rocks that
  contain the fossil fuels. Under the pressure of
  over-laying rocks and sediments, the fossil fuels
  can move through permeable rocks.

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Section 2 Fossil Fuels
How Do Fossil Fuels Form?, continued

• Permeable rocks are rocks that allow fluids,
  such as petroleum and gas, to move through them.
• These permeable rocks become reservoirs that
  hold petroleum and natural gas, as shown on the
  next slide.

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Section 2 Fossil Fuels
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Section 2 Fossil Fuels
How Do Fossil Fuels Form?, continued

• Coal Formation Coal forms underground over
  millions of years when pressure and heat cause
  changes in the remains of swamp plants.
• When plants die, they sink to the bottom of the
  swamp. If they do not decay completely, coal
  formation may begin.

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Section 2 Fossil Fuels
Coal Formation
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
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Section 2 Fossil Fuels
Where Are Fossil Fuels Found?

• Fossil fuels are found in many parts of the
  world. The United States has large reserves of
  petroleum, natural gas, and coal.

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Section 2 Fossil Fuels
Where Are Fossil Fuels Found?, continued

• Despite its large reserves of petroleum, the
  United States imports petroleum as well.
• About one-half of the petroleum used by the
  United States is imported form the Middle East,
  South America, Africa, Canada, and Mexico.

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Section 2 Fossil Fuels
How Do We Obtain Fossil Fuels?

• The kind and location of fuel determine the
  method used to remove the fuel. People remove
  petroleum and natural gas from Earth by drilling
  wells into rock that contains these resources.
• Oil wells exist on land and in the ocean. For
  offshore drilling, engineers mount drills on
  platforms that are secured to the ocean floor or
  that float on the oceans surface.

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Section 2 Fossil Fuels
How Do We Obtain Fossil Fuels?, continued

• People obtain coal either by mining deep beneath
  Earths surface or by surface mining.
• Surface mining, also known as strip mining, is
  the process by which soil and rock are stripped
  from the Earths surface to expose the underlying
  coal that is to be mined.

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Section 2 Fossil Fuels
Problems with Fossil Fuels

• Although fossil fuels provide the energy we
  need, the methods of obtaining them and using
  them can have negative effects on the
  environment.
• When coal is burned without pollution controls,
  sulfur dioxide is released. Sulfur dioxide
  combines with moisture in the air to produce
  sulfuric acid.

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Section 2 Fossil Fuels
Problems with Fossil Fuels, continued

• Sulfuric acid is one of the acids in acid
  precipitation. Acid precipitation is rain, sleet,
  or snow that has a high concentration of acids,
  often because of the pollution of the atmosphere.
• Acid precipitation negatively affects wildlife,
  plants, buildings, and other structures.

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Section 2 Fossil Fuels
Problems with Fossil Fuels, continued

• Coal Mining Surface mining removes soil, which
  some plants need for growth and some animals need
  for shelter. If land is not properly restored
  afterward, surface mining can destroy wildlife
  habitats.
• Coal mining can also lower water tables and
  pollute water supplies. The potential for
  underground mines to collapse endangers the lives
  of miners.

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Section 2 Fossil Fuels
Problems with Fossil Fuels, continued

• Petroleum Problems Producing, transporting, and
  using petroleum can cause environmental problems
  and endanger wildlife.
• In June 2000, an oil carrier sank off the coast
  of South Africa and spilled more than 400 tons of
  oil. The toxic oil coasted thousands of
  blackfooted penguins. The oil hindered the
  penguins from swimming and catching fish for food.

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Section 2 Fossil Fuels
Problems with Fossil Fuels, continued

• Smog The burning of petroleum products causes
  an environmental problem called smog. Smog is
  photo-chemical haze that forms when sunlight acts
  upon industrial pollutants and burning fuels.
• Smog is particularly serious in cities such as
  Houston and Los Angeles as a result of millions
  of automobiles that burn gasoline.

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Section 2 Fossil Fuels
Smog
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
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Section 3 Alternative Resources
Bellringer
Wind power, solar energy, and hydroelectric power
are three sources of alternative energy. Which,
of any, of these alternative energy sources might
work well in your community? Give three reasons
to support your choice. Write your responses in
your science journal.
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Section 3 Alternative Resources
Objectives

• Describe alternatives to the use of fossil
  fuels.
• List the advantages and disadvantages of using
  alternative energy sources.

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Section 3 Alternative Resources
Alternative Resources

• Most of our energy needs are met by the use of
  fossil fuels. But the availability of fossil
  fuels is limited, and once thy are used up, new
  supplies wont be available for thousands -- or
  even millions of years.
• Obtaining and using fossil fuels has
  environmental consequences. To continued to have
  access to energy and to overcome pollution, we
  must find alternative sources of energy.

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Section 3 Alternative Resources
Splitting the Atom Fission

• The energy released by a fission or fusion
  reaction is nuclear energy. Fission is a process
  in which the nuclei of radioactive atoms are
  split into two or more smaller nuclei.
• When fission takes place, a large amount of
  energy is released. This energy can be used to
  generate electrical energy.

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Section 3 Alternative Resources
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Section 3 Alternative Resources
Splitting the Atom Fission, continued

• Pros and Cons of Fission Nuclear power plants
  provide alternative sources of energy that do not
  have the problems that fossil fuels do.
• However, nuclear power plants produce dangerous
  radioactive wastes, which must be removed from
  the plant and stored until their radioactivity
  decreases to a harmless level. Nuclear wastes can
  remain dangerously radioactive for thousands of
  years.

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Section 3 Alternative Resources
Splitting the Atom Fission, continued

• Another problem with nuclear power plants is the
  potential for accidental release of radiation
  into the environment.
• If a plants cooling system were to stop
  working, the plant would overheat. Then, its
  reactor could melt and a large amount of
  radiation could escape.

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Section 3 Alternative Resources
Combining Atoms Fusion

• Another method of getting energy from nuclei is
  fusion. Fusion is the joining of two or more
  nuclei to form a larger nucleus.
• This process releases a large amount of energy
  and happens naturally in the sun.

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Section 3 Alternative Resources
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Section 3 Alternative Resources
Combining Atoms Fusion, continued

• The main advantage of fusion is that it produces
  few dangerous wastes.
• The main disadvantage of fusion is that very
  high temperatures are required for the reaction
  to occur. No known material can withstand such
  high temperatures.
• So far, controlled fusion reactions have been
  limited to laboratory experiments.

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Section 3 Alternative Resources
Chemical Energy

• Some vehicles are powered by energy generated by
  fuel cells. Fuel cells power automobiles by
  converting chemical energy into electrical energy
  by reacting hydrogen and oxygen into water.
• Chemical energy is the energy released when a
  chemical compound reacts to produce new compounds.

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Section 3 Alternative Resources
Chemical Energy, continued

• Once advantage of using fuel cells is that they
  do not create pollution -- the only byproduct is
  water. Fuel cells are also more efficient than
  internal combustion engines.
• The United States has been using fuel cells in
  space travel since the 1960s. One day, fuel-cell
  technology may be used to generate electrical
  energy in buildings, ships, and submarines.

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Section 3 Alternative Resources
Solar Energy

• The energy received by the Earth from the sun in
  the form of radiation is solar energy. The Earth
  gets more than enough solar energy to meet all of
  our energy needs, and this is a renewable
  resource.
• Solar energy can be used directly to heat
  buildings and generate electrical energy.
  However, we do not yet have the technology to
  generate the amount of electrical energy we need
  from solar energy.

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Section 3 Alternative Resources
Solar Energy, continued

• Sunlight can be changed into electrical energy
  through the use of solar cells or photovoltaic
  cells. Solar panels are large panels made up of
  many solar cells wired together.
• Solar panels mounted on the roofs of some homes
  and businesses provide some of the electrical
  energy used in the buildings.

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Section 3 Alternative Resources
Solar Energy, continued

• Solar Heating Solar energy is used for direct
  heating through solar collectors. Solar
  collectors are dark-colored boxes that have glass
  or plastic tops.

• A common use of solar collectors is to heat
  water, as shown in this figure.

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Section 3 Alternative Resources
Solar Energy, continued

• Pros and Cons of Solar Energy One of the best
  things about solar energy is that it doesnt
  produce pollution and it is renewable.
• However, some climates dont have enough sunny
  days to benefit from solar energy.
• Although solar energy is free, solar cells and
  solar collectors are more expensive to make than
  other energy systems.

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Section 3 Alternative Resources
Wind Power

• Energy can be harnessed from wind. Wind power is
  the use of a windmill to drive an electric
  generator.
• Wind energy is renewable, and it doesnt cause
  any pollution. However, in many areas, the wind
  isnt strong enough or frequent enough to create
  energy on a large scale.

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Section 3 Alternative Resources
Hydroelectric Energy

• Electrical energy that is produced by falling
  water is called hydroelectric energy.
• Falling water turns turbines inside
  hydroelectric dams and generates electrical
  energy for millions of people.

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Section 3 Alternative Resources
Hydroelectric Energy, continued

• Pros and Cons of Hydroelectric Energy After the
  dam is built, hydroelectric energy is inexpensive
  and causes little pollution.
• Hydroelectric energy is renewable because water
  constantly cycles from water sources to the air,
  to the land, and back to the water source.

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Section 3 Alternative Resources
Hydroelectric Energy, continued

• Hydroelectric energy is not available
  everywhere. It can be produced only where large
  volumes of falling water can be harnessed.
• Huge dams must be built on major rivers to
  capture enough water to generate significant
  amounts of electrical energy.

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Section 3 Alternative Resources
Hydroelectric Energy, continued

• Building large dams necessary for hydroelectric
  power plants often destroys other resources, such
  as forests and wildlife habitats.
• Large numbers of fish die each year because
  their migratory paths is disrupted by damns. Dams
  can also decrease water quality and create
  erosion problems.

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Section 3 Alternative Resources
Power from Plants

• Plants are similar to solar collectors in that
  both absorb energy from the sun and store it for
  later use.
• Leaves, wood, and other parts of plants contain
  the store energy. Even the dung of plant-grazing
  animals is high in stored energy.
• These sources of energy are called biomass.
  Biomass is organic matter that can be a source of
  energy.

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Section 3 Alternative Resources
Power from Plants, continued

• Burning Biomass The most common way to release
  biomass energy is to burn it. About half of the
  worlds population burn wood or charcoal to heat
  their homes and cook their food.
• Scientists estimate that the burning of wood and
  animal dung accounts for approximately 14 of the
  worlds total energy use.

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Section 3 Alternative Resources
Power from Plants, continued

• Gasohol Plants that contain sugar or starch can
  be made into alcohol. The alcohol can be burned
  as a fuel, or the alcohol can be mixed with
  gasoline to make a fuel called gasohol.
• Biomass is a renewable source of energy.
  However, producing biomass requires land that
  could be used for growing food.

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Section 3 Alternative Resources
Energy from Within Earth

• Geothermal Energy The energy produced by the
  heat within the Earth is called geothermal
  energy.
• In some areas, groundwater is heated by magma,
  or melted rock. Often, the heated groundwater
  becomes steam.
• Geysers are natural vents that discharge this
  steam or water in a column into the air.

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Section 3 Alternative Resources
Energy from Within Earth, continued

• The steam and hot water can also escape through
  wells drilled into the rock. From these wells,
  geothermal power plants can harness the energy
  from within Earth by pumping the steam and hot
  water.

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Section 3 Alternative Resources
Energy from Within Earth, continued

• The worlds largest geothermal power plant is in
  California and is called The Geysers. It produces
  electrical energy for 1.7 million households.
• Geothermal energy can also be used to heat
  buildings. Buildings in Iceland are heated from
  the countrys many geothermal sites.

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Energy Resources
Concept Mapping
Use the terms below to complete the concept map
on the next slide.
biomass coal natural gas nonrenewable natural resources renewable fossil fuels wind energy

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Energy Resources
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Energy Resources