Oceans 11

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Oceans 11

• Historical
• Introduction

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Ocean uses

• The two most important uses of the oceans to
  humans are as a source of food and as
  transportation.
• Early ocean studies focused on mapping navigation
  routes for transportation and on documenting
  areas for catching finfish and shellfish.

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Early use of the Oceans

• Remains of the discarded bones of marine fishes,
  as well as fishhooks, nets, harpoons and
  rudimentary boats, used by stone age people, were
  found in Europe.These items have been dated back
  to about 40,000 B.C.E.

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Captain James Cook

• In 1768 James Cook began the first of three
  famous voyages to systematically map and study
  the Pacific Ocean.
• He took measurements of temperature, current
  speed, wind speed, and the occurrence of reefs.
• He also measured depths up to 366 m with a lead
  weight attached to a rope.

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James Cook

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History of Oceanography

• Key Milestones
• 1831-1836 HMS Beagle Charles Darwin collected
  data which led to his theory of natural
  selection.
• 1872-1876 HMS Challenger circled globe and
  collected extensive data on chemical composition
  of seawater, sediments, seafloor topography.

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HMS Challenger

• 1872-1876 - A British ship fitted to study the
  physics, chemistry, biology and geology of the
  oceans.
• Collected numerous samples of fishes, sediments,
  depth measurements and water samples from the
  Pacific, Atlantic and the Indian Ocean.
• The 50 volume report (1880-1895) by Sir John
  Murray marked the beginning of Oceanography

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History of Oceanography, contd

• Key Milestones
• 1925-1927 Meteor German vessel set the
  standard in physical oceanographic research in
  the Atlantic Ocean.
• William Beebe (1877 - 1962) was an American
  naturalist and undersea explorer. In 1932, Beebe
  and Otis Barton descended 3,000 ft (914 m) in a
  bathysphere (a pressurized steel sphere invented
  by Beebe and Barton) off the coast of Nonsuch
  Island, Bermuda.

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• Jacques-Yves Cousteau (1910-1997) was a French
  undersea explorer, environmentalist, and
  innovator. In 1943, Cousteau and Emile Gagnan
  invented the aqualung, a breathing apparatus that
  supplied oxygen to divers and allowed them to
  stay underwater for several hours. Cousteau
  traveled the world's oceans in his research
  vessel "Calypso," beginning in 1948. (Calypso was
  a converted 400-ton World War 2 minesweeper it
  sank in 1996, after being hit by a barge in
  Singapore harbor).

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• Jacques Ernest-Jean Piccard (1922- ) is a Swiss
  ocean explorer and scientist who was the first
  person to go to the deepest parts of the Pacific
  Ocean. On January 23, 1960, he and U.S. Navy Lt.
  Don Walsh descended over 35,802 feet or 7 miles
  (10,912 m) in a pressured bathyscape, called
  Trieste. They went to the bottom of the
  Challenger Deep of the Marianas Trench (200 miles
  southwest of Guam), the deepest place on Earth.
  The trip took five hours. The bathyscape was
  built by Piccard and his father, Auguste Piccard
  (1884-1962), a notable Belgian physicist and
  inventor.

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• Sylvia Alice Earle (August 30, 1935- ) is an
  undersea explorer, marine biologist and author.
  Earle has done pioneering work in studying ocean
  life, and she has helped develop the equipment
  necessary for underwater exploration. In 1970,
  Earle led a team of five aquanauts (underwater
  explorers) who lived for 2 weeks in an underwater
  laboratory in a U.S. project named "Tektite II."
  She has discovered many underwater phemonena,
  including undersea dunes in the Atlantic Ocean
  off the Bahama Islands.

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• Robert Duane Ballard (June 30, 1942 - ) is an
  American undersea explorer, marine scientist, and
  US Naval officer who has been on over 65
  underwater expeditions in submarines and deep
  diving submersibles. He found the Titanic and
  many other wrecks. Ballard has revolutionized
  undersea exploring by using remotely controlled
  submersible robotic devices (including
  Argo-Jason Argo is a remotely controlled
  submersible vehicle with cameras, and Jason is
  carried in Argo and sent from it to collect
  samples and perform other functions). Ballard
  founded the JASON project and continues to
  explore the sea.

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• 1969-1970 CSS Hudson first ship to
  circumnavigate the Americas.
• 1977 Submersible Alvin discovered
  hydrothermal vents.
• 1978 Seasat-A first satellite launched to
  study oceans by remote sensing.