POSITIVISM LEGAL RULES CREATED BY HUMAN INSTITUTION

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POSITIVISM LEGAL RULES CREATED BY HUMAN
INSTITUTION

• OLEH
• RUSDIANTO

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SEJARAH POSITIVISM(Eightteenth Century, age of
Reason)

• Hukum Alam ( jaman kuno hingga abad Pertegahan )
  Ia merumuskan dirinya pada usaha untuk menemukan
  metoda yang dapat digunakan untuk menciptakan
  peraturan yang mampu untuk menghadapi keadaan
  yang berlainan ia tidak mengandung norma,
  tetapi hanya memberitahu bagaimana membuat
  peraturan yang baik.
• Hukum Alam (Abad 17 dan 18) Hukum alam yang
  dapat digunakan untuk menciptakan peraturan
  berdasarkan asas-asas (HAM)
• Positivisme (Awal abad 19) Lahir untuk menentang
  hukum alam. Pada pertengahan abad 19 ia gagal
  karena tidak mampu mengatasi hak kebebasan
  individu dan penyalahgunaan kekuasaan.
• Hukum Alam yang didasarkan kepada konsep
  relativitas. Adalah satu keinginan untuk
  menyatakan suatu idealisme moral.

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PERKEMBANGAN TEORI HUKUM

• NATURAL LAW THEORIES (6SM 18 20 - )
• MODERN AND LIBERALISM ( ABAD 17 - SKRG )
• LEGAL POSITIVISM ( ABAD 19 - SKRG)
• MARX ( ABAD 20 - SKRG )
• SOCIOLOGICAL LEGAL THEORIES (ABAD 19 USA - SKRG )
• FEMINIST LEGAL THEORY (1950 - )
• CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES (1960 1990)
• POST MODERISM (1960 - )
• CRITICAL RACE THEORIE POST COLONIAL THEORIE
• EMERGING THEORIE

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THE COMMAND THEORY OF LAW

• Thomas Hobbes ( 1588-1679)( The Leviathan, 1651)
• LAW IS THE COMMAND LAW OF THE SOVEREIGN the
  civil law are the commands of him who hath the
  chief authority for direction of the future
  actions of his citizens. ... The citizens must do
• Jeremy Bentham ( 1789 )
• John Austin ( 1832 )

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Jeremy BenthamPositivism and Common Law

• The term law should be applied to every
  expression of will, the uttering of which was an
  act of legislation, an exertion of legislative
  power.
• Law is the command of a sovereign backed by a
  sanction.
• Command the will conceived by the sovereign is
  manifestly imperative.
• Sovereignty, and
• Sanction in the attachment of motivations to
  compliance in the form of anticipated
  consequences.

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Jeremy Bentham

• Benthams aims was to create a complete code of
  laws which he eventually called the pannomion (
  meaning all the laws).
• Legislation (or codification) fits better the
  commands of the sovereign model of law than the
  vagueness and uncertainties of the common law.

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(Anthony DAmato (ed) Analitytic
JURISPRUDENCE ANTHOLOGY), p.39)

• Jeremy Bentham
• P C
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• P Parliament
• C Court
• I Individual

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John AustinJurisprudential Positivism

• Laws proper, or properly so called, are commands
  laws which are not commands, are laws improper
  or improperly so called.
• The matter of jurisprudence is positive law law,
  simply and strictly so called or law set by
  political superiors to political imperiors. But
  positive law ... Is often confounded with objects
  to which it is related by resemblance, and whith
  objects to which it is related in the way of
  anlogy with objects which are also signified,
  properly and improperly, by the large and vague
  expression law.
• Every law or rule is a command. Or rather, laws
  or rules, properly so called, are a species of
  commands

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JOHN AUSTIN

• The law was essentially the result of the
  commands of the sovereign .
• Two fundamental questions (a) who is the
  sovereign ? And (b) what has the sovereign
  commanded ?
• The law of any society could be distinguished
  from the norms of morality, religion and custom
  of that society. ... The virtue of law is that it
  forms a public and dependable set of standards
  for the guidance of officials and citizens
  whatever the disagreements in that society over
  the dictates of morality, religions, or custom.
  ... That the law is to be identified by social
  sources that is, the law can be identified by
  asking certain questions about human behaviour .

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(Anthony DAmato Analitytic JURISPRUDENCE
aNTHOLOGY), p.43)

• John Austin
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• P Parliament
• C Court
• I Individual

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JOHN CHIPMAN GRAY

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  Parliament
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HANS KELSEN

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RAZ The sources thesis (as the key of doctrine
of legal positivism)

• A jurisprudential theory is acceptable only if
  its test for identifying the content of the law
  and determining its exitence depends exclusively
  on facts of human behaviour, capable of being
  described in value-neutral terms, and applied
  without resort to moral argument.
• The heart of legal positivism is not about
  denying necessary connections between law and
  morality, but merely that the identification of
  law is separate question from its moral merit.

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H.L.A. HART (RULE OF RECOCNATION)Lon Fuller A
Theory of Judicial Interpretation

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CORE
PENUMBRA
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RONALD M. DWORKIN

• When lawyers reason or dispute about legal rights
  and obligations, particularly in those hard cases
  when our problems with these concepts seem most
  acute, they make use of standards that do not
  function as rules, but operate differently as
  principles, policies, and other sorts of
  standards. Positivism, I shall argue, is a model
  of and for a system of rules, and its central
  notion of a single fundamental test for law
  forces us to miss the important roles of these
  standards that are not rules.

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• The difference between legal principles and legal
  rules is a logical distinction.Both sets of
  standards point to particular decisions about
  legal obligation in particular circumstances,
  but they differ in the character of the direction
  they give. Rukesapplicable in all-or-nothing
  fashion.If the facts a rule stipulates are given,
  then either the rule is falid, in which case the
  answer it supplies must be accepted, or it is
  not, in which case it contributes nothing to the
  decision.