History%20of%20GIS

1
History of GIS
2
Base Maps

• 1600s linking mathematics and analytic geometry
  to create coordinate system

3
Use of Overlays

• Maps of the Battle of Yorktown contained hinged
  overlays to show troop movements
• Mid-19th century Atlas to Accompany the 2nd
  report of the Irish Railway Commissioners showed
  popn, traffic flow, geology and topography on
  same base map

4
Dot Maps

• 1855 use of dot map to display epidemiological
  data, leads to discovery of the source of a
  cholera epidemic in England

5
The Five Phases of Development

• The Research Frontier
• Experimentation and Practice
• Commercial Phase
• User-Dominance
• Web-Based Internet GI-Science

6
The Research FrontierLate 1950s to Mid 1970s

• Individual Led Development
• 1958 - NASA - Data Availability
• 1963 Canada Geographic Information System
  created to anyalze data collect by the Canada
  Land Inventory
• 1968 - Apollo 8 - Returned 1st Images from Space
• Lack of Computing Resources
• 1960s - Early computer mapping packages
• Harvard - SYMAP, IMGRID, CALFORM
• Isoline Maps
• 1969 - Jack Dangermond began ESRI
• Arc Info

7
Experimentation and PracticeMid 1970 s to Early
1980s

• National Agencies Driving Development
• Government Funded Research
• NOAA Established
• NASA
• Huge Data Increase
• SPOT, LandSat
• Role of the Individual Diminished

8
Commercial PhaseMid 1980s

• Corporate Software available
• Competition
• PCs becoming popular
• Individual market opening up
• Isolated systems running GIS isolated data sets
• Minimal sharing of data
• GPS becomes fully operational

9
User Dominance1990s

• Strong competition among software vendors
• Databases began to become distributed
• Internet becomes operational
• Network accessibility more common
• Development of Standards
• Quality control
• Data tracking (Metadata)

10
Web-Based Internet GI Services ShiftLate 1990s
- Present

• Distributed and Interoperational Architecture
• Data resides and is distributed over a network
• Limitations - Requires high speed and wide
  bandwidth (Network Capacity)
• Standardized Data
• Data is not platform or program dependent
• Google Earth, ArcWeb Explorer, National Map