Chapter Eighteen Toward the Modern Era: 1870-1914

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Chapter EighteenToward the Modern Era 1870-1914
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The Growing Unrest

• Belle époque beautiful age
• But also a growing frustration, restlessness
• Economic disparity, resentment
• Population growth, urban alienation
• Capitalism vs. Socialism
• Suffrage Movement
• Loss of religious security

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New Subjects for LiteraturePsychological
Insights in the Novel

• Anton Chekhov (1860-1904)
• Irony and satire, passivity and emptiness
• Marcel Proust (1871-1922)
• Remembrance of Things Past
• Evocation of memory
• Stream of consciousness style

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New Subjects for LiteraturePsychological
Insights in the Novel

• Nature of individual existences
• The subconscious and human behavior
• Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821-1881)
• Concern for psychological truth
• Human suffering, salvation
• Crime and Punishment

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Responses to A Changing SocietyThe Role of Women

• Family life, society at large
• Right to vote, marriage ties
• Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House (1879)
• Criticism of anti-feminist social conventions
• Kate Chopins The Awakening (1899)
• Sexuality as liberation from oppression

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Ludwig Meidner Ich und die Stadt (1913) (I
and the city) What emotion is being expressed
here? How do you know?
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Kathy Kollwitzs realist etching, March of the
Weavers (1897). What is being represented here?
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Kathy Kollwitzs realist etching, Riot
(1897). What is being represented here?
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Kathy Kollwitzs lithograph, Conspiracy
(1897). This is the third plate in her Weavers
Revolt Cycle
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Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsches Philosophy

• Nihilism argued that the idea of God is dead
• Critic of judeo-Christian culture, nationalism,
  and all other surrogate gods
• Asserts will to Power
• Poses concept of the Übermensch (Supermana
  Caesar with Christs soul)

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New Movements in the Visual ArtsThe new realism
of impressionismand the turn toward abstraction

• Édouard Manet (1832-1883)
• Break from classical tradition
• Assumes view of the artist shows us how he sees
  his subjects

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Look at the representation of depth here. Do you
notice anything interesting or odd?

• Le Déjeuner sur lHerbe (Luncheon on the Grass)
  (1863)

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Compare and contrast the figure and bottles in
the foreground with the reflection in the mirror.
How are they different? A Bar at the
Folies-Bergére (1882)
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New Movements in the Visual ArtsImpressionism

• Realism of light, color
• Fidelity to visual perception, innocent eye
• Devotion to naturalism how things really look
  in nature
• Realism of light and color
• Records all colors without trying to blend them
  together
• Claude Monet (1840-1926) created the style of
  impression with the following revolutionary,
  controversial painting.

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Impression Sunrise (1872)
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• Red Boats at Argenteuil (1875)

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New Movements in the Visual ArtsImpressionism

• Pierre Auguste Renoir (1841-1919)
• Beauty of the world, happy activity
• Women as symbols of life
• Le Moulin de la Galette (1876)
• Edgar Degas (1834-1917)
• Intimate moments as universal experience
• Psychological penetration
• Keyhole visions

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How does Renoirs painting combine realism and
impressionism? Le Moulin de la Galette (1876)
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Degass The Rehearsal (1874). Again, how does
this differ from classical and romantic art? What
does it make ballet look like?
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How do Degass nudes differ from the classical
nudes of the Renaissance?
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Degas looked to represent the ordinary in his
nudes. The artist assumes odd angles to give
the sense of his subjects being spied-on
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New Movements in the Visual ArtsPost-Impressionis
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• Rejection of Impressionism
• Personal artistic styles that break with both
  tradition of classical idealism and with
  impressionism every artist is working in his own
  unique style with his own unique techniques
• Georges Pierre Seurat (1859-1891)
• Paul Gauguin (1848-1903)

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Seurats pointillist technique
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Seurats pointillism up close
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Georges Seurat, A Sunday on La Grande Jatte
(1884-1886) Seurats unique, mathematical
pointillist technique produces a rather unique
looking image.
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Gauguins new studys of everyday life
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And his interest in the exotic
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New Movements in the Visual ArtsPost-Impressionis
m

• Paul Cézanne (1839-1906)
• Impose order on nature does not represent things
  either as they really look or as they ideally
  should be
• Priority of abstract considerations nature as
  fundamentally geometrical
• Mont Sainte-Victoire (1904-1906)
• van Goghs Starry Night (1889)
• Autobiographical, pessimistic art
• Social, spiritual alienation

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A Cezanne still life geometry and perspective
are subtly modified to suit artists personal
sense of order.
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One of Cezannes many paintings of Mont
Sainte-Victoire. What is the influence of
impressionism here?
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What kinds of shapes does Cezanne use here to
impose order on nature?
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Van Goghs self portrait. What is the first
thing you notice? What is its effect? What do
you think the artist is trying to communicate
about himself? (weve come a long way from
Albrecht Dürer!)
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Starry Night. What is Van Gogh communicating
about the stars and the night?
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New Movements in the Visual ArtsFauvism

• Les Fauves the wild beasts of france
• Loss of traditional values of color, form
• Distortion of natural relationships
• Henri Matisse, The Red Studio (1911)

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How is Matisses The Red Studio an example of
Fauvism?
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Matisses The Joy of Life (1906). What makes
things look so joyful here? How is this different
from classical realism and impressionsim?
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New Movements in the Visual ArtsExpressionism

• Alarm and hysteria
• Edvard Munch, The Scream (1893)
• Autobiographical, social, psychological
• Die Brücke (The Bridge), Der Blaue Reiter (The
  Blue Rider)
• Emotional impact, alienation and loneliness
• Heckel (1883-1970), Nolde (1867-1956)

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What is being expressed here in Edvard
Munchs The Scream (1893)?
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An Erich Heckel expressionist woodcut What
emotion is being produced here?
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Emil Noldes Die Sünderin (Christus und die
Sünderin) (1926)
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Noldes Pentecost. How is this different from
the many images of the pentecost found on
medieval churches?
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World War I

• Almost 10 million casualties
• Countless wounded and maimed
• High-tech weaponry (airpower, poison gas)
• Landscapes laid to waste

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Trench Warfare
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The Wasteland