Chapter Eighteen Toward the Modern Era: 1870-1914

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Chapter EighteenToward the Modern Era 1870-1914

• Culture and Values, 6th Ed.
• Cunningham and Reich

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The Growing Unrest

• Belle époque
• Growing frustration, restlessness
• Economic disparity, resentment
• Population growth
• Capitalism vs. Socialism
• Loss of religious security
• Nietzsches Übermensch, will to power

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New Movements in the Visual Arts

• Édouard Manet (1832-1883)
• Le Déjeuner sur lHerbe (1863)
• A Bar at the Folies-Bergére (1882)
• Break from tradition
• View of the artist

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New Movements in the Visual ArtsImpressionism

• Realism of light, color
• Fidelity to visual perception, innocent eye
• Devotion to naturalism
• Claude Monet (1840-1926)
• Impression Sunrise (1872)
• Red Boats at Argenteuil (1875)

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New Movements in the Visual ArtsImpressionism

• Pierre Auguste Renoir (1841-1919)
• Beauty of the world, happy activity
• Women as symbols of life
• Le Moulin de la Galette (1876)
• Edgar Degas (1834-1917)
• Intimate moments as universal experience
• Psychological penetration
• Keyhole visions

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New Movements in the Visual ArtsImpressionism

• Female Impressionist painters
• Mary Cassatt (1844-1926)
• Berthe Morisot (1841-1895)
• Rodins Impressionist sculpture
• The Kiss (1886)

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New Movements in the Visual ArtsPost-Impressionis
m

• Rejection of Impressionism
• Personal artistic styles
• Georges Pierre Seurat (1859-1891)
• Paul Gauguin (1848-1903)

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New Movements in the Visual ArtsPost-Impressionis
m

• Paul Cézanne (1839-1906)
• Impose order on nature
• Priority of abstract considerations
• Mont Sainte-Victoire (1904-1906)
• van Goghs Starry Night (1889)
• Autobiographical, pessimistic art
• Social, spiritual alienation

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New Movements in the Visual ArtsFauvism

• Les Fauves
• Loss of traditional values of color, form
• Distortion of natural relationships
• Henri Matisse, The Red Studio (1911)

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New Movements in the Visual ArtsExpressionism

• Alarm and hysteria
• Edvard Munch, The Scream (1893)
• Autobiographical, social, psychological
• Antonio Gaudí, Casa Milá (1907)
• Die Brücke, Der Blaue Reiter
• Emotional impact, alienation and loneliness
• Heckel (1883-1970), Nolde (1867-1956)

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New Styles in MusicEarly Nineteenth-Century
Orchestral Music

• Communication beyond musical values
• New treatment of melody, harmony, rhythm
• Composers inner emotions, autobiography
• Program music
• Symphonic, tone poems
• Narrative musical interests

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New Styles in MusicEarly Nineteenth-Century
Orchestral Music

• Respighis Pines of Rome (1924)
• Richard Strauss (1864-1949)
• Don Juan
• Till Eulenspiegel
• Alpine Symphony
• Operas
• Autobiographical compositions

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New Styles in MusicEarly Nineteenth-Century
Orchestral Music

• Tchaikovskys Pathétique (1893)
• Gustav Mahler (1860-1911)
• Symphonies should contain everything
• Painful joy of human experience
• Nine symphonies Das Lied vod her Erde

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New Styles in MusicImpressionism in Music

• Claude Debussy (1862-1918)
• Changing flow of sound, shifting tone colors
• Ethereal, intangible, refined
• Natural atmospheres, Der Mer
• Maurice Joseph Ravel (1875-1937)
• Classical form, balance
• Daphnis and Chloe

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New Styles in MusicSearch for a New Musical
Language

• Arnold Schönberg (1874-1951)
• Expressionistic atonal music
• Pierrot Lunaire (1912), Sprechstimme
• Twelve-tone technique (serialism)
• Row, inversion, retrograde, retrograde inversion

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New Styles in MusicSearch for a New Musical
Language

• Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971)
• The Rite of Spring (1913)
• the destruction of music as an art
• Russian folk subjects
• Changing, complex, violent rhythms

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New Subjects for LiteraturePsychological
Insights in the Novel

• Nature of individual existences
• The subconscious and human behavior
• Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821-1881)
• Concern for psychological truth
• Human suffering, salvation
• Crime and Punishment

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New Subjects for LiteraturePsychological
Insights in the Novel

• Anton Chekhov (1860-1904)
• Irony and satire, passivity and emptiness
• Marcel Proust (1871-1922)
• Remembrance of Things Past
• Evocation of memory
• Stream of consciousness style

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Responses to A Changing SocietyThe Role of Women

• Family life, society at large
• Right to vote, marriage ties
• Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House (1879)
• Criticism of anti-feminist social conventions
• Kate Chopins The Awakening (1899)
• Sexuality as liberation from oppression

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Chapter Eighteen Discussion Questions

• Explain how Impressionism offered a new type of
  realism in the visual and musical arts of the
  early nineteenth century. What was this artistic
  style a reaction against?
• Consider the significance of the artists
  perspective and personal emotions and
  experiences. How is this individualization
  apparent in the arts of the early nineteenth
  century? How are the arts of this period markedly
  different from earlier periods? Explain, citing
  specific examples.
• Seen collectively, what are the pervasive
  characteristics of the arts in the nineteenth
  century? Where do all stylistic forms of the
  period converge? Explain.