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Chapter 32 Film Artifacts

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Title: Chapter 32 Film Artifacts


1
Chapter 32 Film Artifacts
2
Retake Analysis
  • Required part of a QA program in California.
  • Evaluation includes
  • View repeated
  • Cause of the repeat
  • Rate of retakes should be less than 5.
  • Information can be gathered from the log that the
    state mandates for patients being exposed to
    radiation.

3
Chapter 32 Image Artifacts
  • An artifact is any irregularity on an image that
    is not caused by the normal shadowing of tissue
    by the primary beam.
  • There are three areas where artifacts occur
  • Exposure
  • Processing
  • Handling

4
Exposure Artifacts
  • Exposure artifacts are generally associated with
    how the examination was performed. Example
    include
  • Incorrect screen film match or wrong film
  • Poor screen contact
  • Warped cassettes
  • Dirty screens
  • Improper use of a grid.
  • Improper technical factors most common reason
    for retakes.

5
Exposure Artifacts
  • Improper preparation of the patient for the exam
    or gowning instructions.
  • Double exposures
  • Motion blur from improper breathing instructions.
  • Improper positioning of the patient and equipment.

6
Common exposure artifacts
  • Appearance
  • Unsuspected foreign objects such as jewelry
  • Double exposure
  • Blur
  • Obscured detail
  • Cause
  • Improper patient preparation
  • Reuse of an already exposed cassette
  • Improper patient movement, breathing
  • Poor screen contact

7
Dentures
  • Older patients may have removable dentures for
    the upper or lower teeth.
  • As part of the gowning instructions ask about
    dentures.

8
Dentures
  • Partial Dentures are attached to the remaining
    teeth with metal clips.
  • Can cause major problems on APOM views.

9
Poor Gowning Ear Rings
  • There we see an ear ring on a base posterior view.

10
Poor Gowning Ear Ring
  • A single ear ring on a lateral cervical spine
    view.

11
Poor Gowning Pins in Hair
  • Bobby pins can ruin cervical or skull radiographs.

12
More Hair
  • Here are two A-P cervical spine view.
  • One the first view a soft tissue mass is seen at
    the base of the skull.
  • The patients hair was in a bun. She put her hair
    down and the mass disappeared.

13
More Hair Artifacts
  • Another example of mouse and dreadlocks.
  • You will not be able to get the patient to remove
    the dread locks so have the patient but their
    hair up for the A-P

14
Hair Extensions
15
Poor Gowning Necklace
  • When someone measures the patient and positions
    the view, how can you not see a necklace?

16
Poor Gowning Bra
  • The complete study of a brassiere.
  • P-A Lateral Views

17
Patient with arms across chest
  • Make sure the arms are to the patients sides and
    out of the view on A-P or P-A views.

18
Rings and Watch
  • The doctor failed to have the patient remove
    their rings and watch.

19
Patient with arm to side
  • Make sure the arms are properly positioned for
    lateral views.

20
Metallic artifacts on Lumbar View
  • Intern took film with patient in shorts.
  • Shorts had metal eyelets for the drawstrings.
  • Something in pocket.

21
Lateral Gonad Shield
  • It is very important to remove the shield after
    it is used.
  • The patient was too large to be done P-A.

22
Fingers in the spine
  • Keep the hands above the lumbar spine when taking
    the lateral view.

23
Cassette Artifact Dirty Screens
  • Dirty or damaged screens will cause white spots
    on the image.

24
Dirty Damaged Screens
  • The white spots on this film are the result of
    damaged or worn out screens.
  • Never use alcohol or detergents to clean screens.

25
Poor Screen Contact
  • Note the blurry image in the spine but sharp
    image of the ribs.
  • The screens were not in proper contact in the
    middle of the cassette due to a bow in the
    cassette back.

26
Processing artifacts
  • Processing artifacts are produced during the time
    the film is in the film processor.
  • Processing artifacts can be eliminated with a
    proper processor quality control program and
    frequent cleaning.
  • Occasionally the best film processor will jam or
    malfunction and produce artifacts.

27
Common Processing Artifacts
  • Appearance
  • Guide shoe marks
  • Pi lines
  • Sharp increase or decrease in OD
  • Uniform dull gray fog
  • Cause
  • Improper position of guide shoes in turn-around
    assembly.
  • Dirt or chemical stains on rollers
  • Dirty or warped rollers
  • Improper or bad chemistry

28
Film Guide Scratches
  • Guide shoes scratches are parallel and run in the
    direction of film travel.

29
Other Processing Artifacts
  • Here we see hesitation marks on top of film.
  • This film remained in the developer too long.
    Perhaps from
  • Power Failure
  • Processor jam

30
Other Processing Artifacts
  • This is what contaminated developer looks like.
  • Contaminated developer can also appear as a pink
    film.

31
Processor Chemical Marks
  • This artifact is called a run back artifact.
  • Proper cleaning of the cross over rollers can
    reduce the incidence of this artifact.

32
Processor Water Marks
  • These spots are the result of water spots on the
    film.
  • The upper rollers in the wash tank are supposed
    to squeegee the film.

33
Chemical Run Down Artifact
  • If the squeegee rollers in the developer rack do
    not work, the chemicals run down the film forming
    the appearance of water running down a window.

34
Kissing Artifacts
  • If more than one film is feed into the processor
    at once, only one side of the emulsion will be
    completely processed.

35
Kissing Artifacts
  • By running the film through the fixer, the
    undeveloped emulsion can be fixed and the image
    will be less degraded.

36
Kissing Artifacts
  • By running the film through the fixer, the
    undeveloped emulsion can be fixed and the image
    will be less degraded.

37
Dirty Developer Rollers
  • The rollers in the developer tank or cross over
    are dirty.
  • This causes the black artifacts on the middle of
    the film.
  • Oxidized developer is left on the film.

38
Tractor Marks from Film Jam
  • Marks that appear as tractor tracks on the upper
    left portion of the film are referred to as
    Tractor Marks.
  • Result of film being feed crocked and jamming the
    processor.

39
Film Handling Artifacts
  • A number of artifacts can occur while the film is
    in storage, in the darkroom or in the x-ray room.
  • Film is sensitive to heat and humidity.
  • After exposure it is very sensitive to fog from
    lighting problems in the darkroom.
  • Improper handling can cause artifacts.
  • All handling artifacts are avoidable!!!!

40
Common Handling Storage Artifacts
  • Appearance
  • Fog
  • Pressure or kink marks
  • Streaks of increased OD
  • Cause
  • The temperature or humidity too high.
  • Safelight too bright, too close or wrong filter.
  • Light leak or other light in darkroom.
  • Film left in x-ray room during exposure.
  • Rough handling of film.
  • Film not completely in processor when darkroom
    door opened.

41
Common Handling Storage Artifacts
  • Appearance
  • Crown, tree or smudge static
  • Yellow-brown stain
  • Cause
  • Humidity or temperature too low
  • Thiosulfate left on film due to improper washing

42
Film Handling Artifacts
  • Crescent shaped artifact is a nail crinkle mark.
    It is caused by improper film handling.
  • Black spots are scratches from work surface.

43
Film Handling Artifacts
  • The door to the darkroom was opened before the
    film was completely in the processor.

44
Film Handling Artifacts
  • The top of the film is exposed to light by
    opening to darkroom door or turning on the lights
    with the box open.

45
Film Handling Artifacts
  • Some roller artifacts are seen caused by
    developer being on the entrance rollers.
  • Cause Pulling a film out of the processor feed
    tray.

46
Static Electricity
  • Static electricity discharge may appear as a tree
    or lightning strike.
  • It may also produce round smudges.
  • Keep humidity in area at proper level.

47
Film Not Left in Box in Film Bin
  • The box that the film comes in serves as
    protection from scratching.
  • If you take too many sheets out, replace excess
    film in box not just in the bin.

48
Improperly Washed Film
  • If the wash tank is not properly filled, fixer is
    retained on the emulsion.
  • The retained fixer form silver sulfide and turns
    the image brown.

49
End of Lecture
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