PROTISTS

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PROTISTS
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PROTISTS

• COMMON EXAMPLES
• Amoeba, paramecium, euglena, volvox, plasmodium
• EUKARYOTIC
• Have a nuclear membrane
• VERY DIVERSE GROUP
• most are unicellular, microscopic, aerobic
• Some are autotrophic, heterotrophic, sexual,
  asexual

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PROTISTS

• ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY
• Early eukaryotes developed symbiotic
  relationships with prokaryotic cells
• Prokaryotic cells lived inside eukaryotic cells
• Over time, the smaller prokaryotic cells evolved
  with the eukaryotic cells to become mitochondria
  and chloroplasts

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PROTISTS

• EXCRETION AND OSMOREGULATION
• Water balance osmoregulation
• Done by contractile vacuole
• Wastes removed by diffusion
• RESPIRATION
• Carbon dioxide and oxygen diffuse in and out

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PROTISTS

• REPRODUCTION
• Asexual
• Mitosis and cytokinesis
• Budding similar to mitosis except daughter cell
  is smaller than parent
• Schizogony nucleus divides many times and
  cytoplasm divides to form many daughter cells as
  there are nuclei

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PROTISTS

• SEXUALLY
• Meiosis special nuclear division to reduce
  chromosome number to haploid
• Union of gametes diploid zygote
• Syngamy fertilization between two individuals
• Autogamy two gametes fuse within one organism
• Parthenogenesis development of organism from
  gamete without fertilization
• Conjugation exchange of nuclear material
  between two individuals

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PROTISTS

• DOMAIN EUKARYOTA
• KINGDOM PROTISTA
• Any eukaryote that is not classified as a fungus,
  plant, or animal is a PROTIST

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PROTISTS

• ANIMAL LIKE PROTISTS PROTOZOA
• Classified by method of movement
• PLANT LIKE PROTISTS ALGAE
• Classified by pigment color
• FUNGUS LIKE PROTISTS MOLDS
• Classified by body form

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PROTISTS

• PROTIST CLASSFICATION
• Separated by feeding habits (nutrition)
• Autotrophic
• Able to make own food
• Photosynthetic 30-40 of all photosynthesis
  worldwide is done by algae
• Heterotrophic
• Must eat other material
• Unicellular
• May be predators, decomposers, or parasites

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PROTISTS

• PROTOZOA
• Heterotrophic
• Unicellular
• 4 groups
• Sarcodinians
• Zooflagellates
• Ciliophorans
• Sporozoans

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PROTISTS

• PHYLUM SARCODINA
• Aquatic, clear cytoplasm, irregular shape
• Move by extending lobes of their cytoplasm
• Pseudopods (false feet)
• Plasmolemma elastic cell membrane
• Cytoplasm is divided into ectoplasm and endoplasm
• Nucleus, contractile vacuole, food vacuole
• Example Amoeba proteus

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PROTIST
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PROTIST

• LABEL THIS AMEOBA

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PROTISTS

• PHYLUM ZOOMASTIGINA
• Often called flagellates because they move using
  flagella
• Absorb food by diffusion through cell membrane
• Live off of dead or decaying organic matter or
  some are parasites
• Trichonympha lives in the gut of termites (helps
  termite digest wood)
• Trypanosoma parasite of humans in Africa, cause
  African Sleeping Sickness

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PROTISTS
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PROTISTS

• PHYLUM CILIOPHORA
• Ciliates found in fresh and salt water usually
  free-living, most are larger than other protozoa
• Pellicle, cilia, ectoplasm, endoplasm, food
  vacuole, contractile vacuole
• Micronucleus (exchanged during conjugation)
• Macronucleus (controls daily functions)

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PROTISTS

• TRICHOCYSTS spindle shaped alternating between
  bases of cilia used as anchor and to paralyze
  prey
• Oral groove shallow furrow on one side of cell
  used to gather food
• Locomotion cilia avoiding reaction ? contact
  with unfavorable conditions and will move away
• Reacts to contact, temperature, gravity, water
  currents, electric currents, acidity and other
  chemicals

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PROTISTS

• Reproduction
• Mitosis every 6-12 hours
• Conjugation become sticky and adhere to each
  other at oral groove and exchange nuclear
  material
• Example paramecium

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PROTIST
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PROTISTS

• PHYLUM SPOROZOA
• Members cannot move
• Reproduce by producing spores
• All endoparasites and most are pathogenic
• Have apical complexes (structures that aid in
  penetration of host cells or tissues)
• Example Plasmodium causes malaria carried by
  vector (female Anopheles mosquito)

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PROTISTS
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PLANT LIKE PROTISTS

• PLANT LIKE PROTISTS
• Most perform photosynthesis
• Contain chlorophyll in chloroplast and possibly
  other pigments
• Classified according to the type of pigment

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PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont

• A. PHYLUM EUGLENOPHYTA
• Usually free-living (not a parasite)
• Pellicle covering membrane maintains shape
• Has Ectoplasm and endoplasm
• Has Cell mouth, gullet, reservoir (holds
  flagella), contractile vacuole, food vacuole
• Eyespot - organelle that is light sensitive
• contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis

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PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont

• Movement toward light using flagella flagella
  pulls cell euglenoid movement ? expansion and
  contractions of entire cell
• Nutrition/Bitrophic can capture food can
  absorb nutrients from water or carry on
  photosynthesis
• Reproduction mitosis form cyst during harsh
  times
• Example euglena volvox

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PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont
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PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont

• B. PHYLUM CHLOROPHYTA - GREEN ALGAE
• Contain chlorophyll b is their main type (which
  is very similar to land plants)
• Some reproduce sexually
• major part of marine plankton may have given
  rise to plants
• Examples desmids, spirogyra
• Most live in fresh water or moist soil
• Many live in symbiotic relationships
• Lichen organism composed of an algae and a
  fungi living together as one

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PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont
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PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont
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PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont
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PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont

• C. PHYLUM HETEROKONTOPHYTA
• Red algae, brown algae, golden algae
• RED ALGAE
• multicellular organisms found in warm ocean
  waters their color results from red
  photosynthetic pigments
• Perform photosynthesis
• Example Red Moss

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PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont

• BROWN ALGAE
• Multicellular and live in cool salt water
  habitats
• Includes giant kelps
• Have an alternation of generations life cycle
  (means that part of life is spent reproducing
  asexually and part is spent reproducing sexually)

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PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont

• Used to make a variety of products
• As a thickening agent in puddings, ice cream
• Used as food for animals (processed)

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PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont
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PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont

• GOLDEN ALGAE
• Some species are colorless, but the vast majority
  are photosynthetic.
• particularly important in lakes, where they may
  be the primary source of food for zooplankton.
• EXAMPLES DIATOMS-photosynthetic unicellular
  protists with silica shells

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PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont
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PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont

• D. PHYLUM DINOFLAGELLATA (termed Pyrrophyta in
  your book)
• Nearly all have flagella
• Most grow in salt water
• Most are free-living (meaning they are not
  parasites) some have symbiotic relationships
  with other organisms
• When agitated undergo reaction that produces
  light ? bioluminescent

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PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont

• DINOFLAGELLATE

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Dinoflagellates cont.

• Causes the red tide Several microscopic marine
  algae are notoriously poisonous to hapless humans
  who consume them in shellfish, these toxins are
  potentially FATAL

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PLANT LIKE PROTISTS cont
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PROTISTS

• FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS (MOLDS)
• CHARACTERISTICS
• MOST ARE SMALL AND LIVE IN DAMP PLACES
• PROTISTS THAT ACT AS DECOMPOSERS ARE CALLED MOLDS
• DIVIDED INTO 3 GROUPS
• PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLDS
• CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS
• WATER MOLDS

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PROTISTS

• PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLDS
• Can weigh as much as 50 grams and be as large as
  a human hand (one cell!)
• Single cell with many nuclei
• In unfavorable conditions
• Moves somewhere else
• Creates a fruiting body

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Myxomycota - plasmodium
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PROTISTS

• CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS
• ALTERNATES BETWEEN A SPORE PRODUCING FRUITING
  BODY FORM AND AN AMEBALIKE FEEDING FORM
• SINGLE CELLS UNITE TO FORM ONE LARGE MASS
  (PSEUDOPLASMODIUM) WHEN TIMES ARE HARSH

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• The phyla of slime molds

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PROTISTS

• WATER MOLDS
• DECOMPOSERS IN FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS
• SOME ARE PARASITIC

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PROTISTS

• IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTS
• ECOLOGICAL ROLES
• Provide an essential food base in aquatic food
  chains
• Carry out more than 30-40 of Earths
  photosynthesis
• Protozoans help keep the number of bacteria in
  check