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Chapter 12

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Title: Chapter 12


1
Chapter 12 Image Makers Designers (Lighting,
Sound, and Technical Production)
  • I feel that light is like music. In some
    abstract, emotional, cerebral, nonliterary way,
    it makes us feel, it makes us see, it makes us
    think, all without knowing exactly how and why.
  • Jennifer Tipton

2
Chapter Summary
  • In todays theatre, lighting, sound, and computer
    technologies affect what we see, how we see, how
    we hear, how we feel, and often what we
    understand.
  • As areas of theatrical design, lighting and
    sound, along with the new machines, are
    essential to the modern stages theatrical
    effectiveness.

3
Lighting Design Background
  • Ancient Greece
  • Torches, fires, sunlight
  • Medieval Europe
  • Torches, cauldrons of flame and smoke, reflecting
    metals (outdoor)
  • Oil lamps, candles, reflecting glass (indoor)
  • Renaissance
  • Candles, oil lamps, panes of colored glass
    illuminated from behind, colored lanterns,
    transparent cloth veils, fireworks

4
Lighting Design Background
  • English theatre
  • Onstage candles (lit before play, snuffed at end)
  • Chandeliers lit start to finish
  • Footlights (c. 1672)
  • Argand (patent) oil lamps (c. 1785)
  • Replaced candles

5
Lighting Design Background
  • Gas (c. 1850)
  • Replaced oil
  • Limelight (prototype of spotlight)
  • Operated by technician at gas table
  • Drawbacks
  • Fumes
  • Heat
  • Live flame onstage

6
Lighting Design Background
  • Incandescent lamp (1879)
  • Replaced gas lights
  • Advantages
  • Not a fire risk
  • Allowed for lightening and darkening different
    areas of stage
  • Provided source of mood
  • Allowed for different colors
  • Londons Savoy Theatre first to be fully lit with
    electricity (1881)

7
Lighting Design Background
  • Adolphe Appia
  • First modern lighting designer
  • Argued for light as the guiding principle of all
    design
  • Established standards for lighting practices
  • Believed light could unify all production
    elements
  • Defined role of modern lighting designer

8
The Art of Light
  • Light designers tools
  • Form
  • Shape of light pattern

9
The Art of Light
  • Light designers tools
  • Form
  • Color
  • Mood achieved by filters (thin, transparent
    sheets of colored plastic, gelatin, or glass) or
    by varying degrees of intensity

Courtesy Will Owens/ PlayMakers Repertory Company
Death of a Salesman, with Lighting by Mary
Louise Geiger
10
The Art of Light
  • Light designers tools
  • Form
  • Color
  • Movement
  • Changes in form and color using dimmers,
    motorized instruments, and computerized control
    consoles

Courtesy of High End Systems
11
The Designers Process
  • Read script
  • Note visual images, practicals (lamps,
    chandeliers, etc.)
  • Meet with director and designers
  • Work out basic questions about lighting
  • Create a design
  • Light plot

12
The Designers Process Light Plot and Focusing
  • Light plot
  • Map of lighting instruments
  • Location of each instrument to be used
  • Type of instrument, wattage, color filter
  • General area to be lighted by each instrument
  • Circuitry needed to operate instruments
  • Focusing
  • Lights pointed toward area they will illuminate

13
The Designers Process Cueing
  • Operators provided with cue sheet
  • Chart of control console showing instrument
    settings and color
  • Each cue numbered and keyed to script
  • Designer and operators fine tune intensities,
    colors
  • Each change marked on cue sheet
  • Some shows use computer-programmed cues.

14
Special Lighting Effects
  • Lighting effects
  • Mirror balls
  • Searchlights
  • Projections
  • Holograms
  • Fireworks
  • Gobos
  • Slide inserted into gate of spotlight to project
    images

15
The Designers Assistants
  • Assistant designer
  • Helps prepare light plots
  • Compiles instrument schedules
  • Acts as liaison with technicians
  • Locates special equipment
  • Master electrician
  • Oversees safety issues
  • Maintains equipment, checks before performance
  • Lighting crew
  • Installs, operates, maintains all lighting
    equipment

16
Theatrical Sound Background
  • Earliest theatre
  • Music
  • Choral chanting
  • Actors voices
  • Elizabethan theatre
  • Thunder machines (series of troughs for
    cannonballs to rumble down)
  • Thundersheets (sheets of tin that made a rumbling
    sound when rattled)
  • Thunder runs (sloping wooden troughs for rolling
    cannonballs down)

17
Theatrical Sound Background
  • Since 1900
  • Telephone, doorbell ringers
  • Door slammer
  • Since 1970s
  • Audio recording, playback technologies, sound
    systems
  • Microphones, amplification

18
Uses of Live and Recorded Sounds
  • Sound
  • Foghorn
  • Hourly chime
  • Birds
  • Rain, thunder
  • Toilet flushing
  • Scream, howling wind,creaking floorboard
  • Telephone, door knock
  • Helps establish
  • Setting
  • Time of day
  • Season
  • Weather conditions
  • Realism
  • Mood
  • Onstage cues

19
Music
  • Functions
  • Evokes mood
  • Establishes period
  • Heightens tension
  • Intensifies action
  • Provides transitions between scenes and at
    endings
  • Implementation in production managed by sound
    designer

20
The Sound Designer Process
  • Reads script, makes note of cues
  • Meets with director, designers, composer
  • Researches sound libraries, records sounds, music
  • Prepares sound track
  • Plots effects/music on cue sheet

21
Special Effects with Sound
  • Function of special effects
  • Capture audiences attention
  • Increase emotional impact
  • Examples
  • Offstage noise (e.g., car door slam)
  • Recorded music (e.g., to underscore emotional
    scene)
  • Aids in telling story, reinforces intended impact
    of scene

22
Computer-Aided Design
  • Computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided
    manufacture (CAM)
  • Help designers configure space virtually
  • Allows for preview, change of designs before
    manufacture
  • Access to virtual libraries
  • Allows for virtual design meetings

23
Technical Production Team
  • Production manager (PM)
  • Coordinates staffing, scheduling, budgeting for
    every element of production
  • Technical director (TD)
  • Manages scene shop, construction and operation of
    scenery, stage machinery
  • Costume shop manager
  • Manages costume inventory and budgets, buying
    fabrics, building, buying, and/or renting
    costumes and accessories

24
Technical Production Team
  • Production stage manager (PSM)
  • Coordinates the directors work in rehearsals
    with the actors and the technical departments
  • During show, responsible for running entire
    onstage and backstage operation
  • Assistant stage manager (ASM)
  • Responsible for the smooth operation of technical
    systems and actors exits, entrances, and costume
    changes.

25
Core Concepts
  • All design elements in the theatre serve the play
    and enhance the storytelling quality of the
    theatre.
  • In collaboration with the director, designers (in
    tandem with actors) transform the empty space
    into the living world of the production.
  • The theatres production and stage managers,
    along with the many technicians, provide the
    technical support system without which no theatre
    can open its doors.
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