Geography

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Geography

• Chapter 1
• Notes

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Section 1.1 Introduction

• 1800s US was beginning to expand west of the
  Mississippi River
• No American had ever crossed into that territory
• President Thomas Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis
  and William Clark to explore
• 2 year expedition to the Pacific ocean

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1.1 Continued

• They collected wildlife and plant samples
• Mapped mountains and rivers
• They met the Native Americans of the west and
  learned how they lived
• Geographers of today are similar by studying the
  land, sea, and sky
• They are seeking to find where people live why
• They study the way people use resources

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Section 1.2 The Geographic Setting

• Maps are tools that show where things are on
  earth
• Absolute Location precise point where things
  are located on a map (home address)
• Can be found by using a grid
• Relative Location where a place is located in
  relation to another place

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1.2 Continued

• Maps are two-dimensional
• Earth is three-dimensional
• Maps are not perfect pictures of the earth, some
  parts become stretched
• Distortion change in shape, size, or position
  of a place when it is shown on a map
• Globes are good but have limits
• Map Projections way of representing the
  spherical Earth on a flat surface

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Relative Location Homework

• Make sure you put the Assignment Heading
• Starting from the front of the school you will
  tell me how to get to your house
• You can use the cardinal directions, physical
  objects number of streets, etc
• Anything to help with guiding me to your home
• Making a small map would be beneficial
• Objective Students will use relative location to
  identify their home location from school
• Due 9-13-10 (MONDAY)

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Maps

• Map - a two-dimensional or flat-scale model of
  Earths surface, or a portion of it
• Geography has a reliance on maps to display and
  analyze information
• Cartography - science of mapmaking

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Two purposes of maps (Summarize)

• Tool for storing reference material - helps us
  find the shortest distance to a place and helps
  us learn where in the world something is found
• Tool for communicating geographic information -
  distribution of human activities or physical
  features

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What is this maps purpose?
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What is this maps purpose?
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Section 1.3 Map Titles Symbols

• The title of a map tells what a map shows
• Compass Rose - shows directions on a map (every
  map should have one)
• Cardinal Directions North, South, East, West
• Intermediate Directions Northeast, Southeast,
  Southwest, Northwest
• Map Legend (Sometimes call a map key)
  identifies symbols on a map

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1.3 Continued

• Colors are often used (Blue for water)
• Map Grid imaginary lines used to divide space
  on a map
• Horizontal left to right
• Vertical up and down
• Lines are usually labeled with Letters Numbers

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Section 1.4 Latitude Longitude

• A global grid system is made up of two sets of
  imaginary lines
• 1st set Latitude (east west)
• The Equator starts at 0 degrees and splits the
  earth in two parts (north south)
• 2nd set Longitude (north and south)
• The Prime Meridian starts at 0 degrees running
  from North Pole to South Pole and splits the
  earth in two parts (east west)

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1.4 Continued

• The Prime Meridian runs through Greenwich,
  England
• International Date Line exactly on the other
  side of the world from the Prime Meridian (when
  crossing this line you change days)
• Long. Lat. marks absolute location

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1.4 Continued

• Latitude Lines of Parallel
• Starts at Equator and moves up (North) and down
  (South)
• Equator starts lines at 0 and increases to 90
  degrees North, 90 degrees South
• Longitude Lines of Meridians
• Starts at Prime Meridian and moves right (East)
  and left (West)
• Prime Meridian starts lines at 0 and increases to
  180 degrees East, 180 degrees West
• Coordinates Lat. Long. Numbers make this up
  (45 degrees N, 30 degrees E)

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Minutes

• The precise location (mathematical location) of a
  place can be designated more precisely by
  dividing each degree into 60 minutes ()
• Minneapolis is 45o53 North latitude and 93.13
  West longitude
• Paris, France is 48o51 North latitude and 2O20
  East longitude
• Marshall Islands are 10o00 North latitude and
  165o00 East longitude

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Section 1.4 Activity (Overhead)

• The Global Grid Cities around the world
• You will locate places on the map by using the
  information I provide to you (on your own)
• Upper Right Hand Corner
• First and last name
• Class Hour
• Date
• Objective Students will locate the cities by
  using Latitude Longitude and label them on the
  map

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Section 1.5 Map Scale

• A map can be large scale or small
• Large gives a close-up view of a small area
  with a lot of detail such as street names
• Small shows a larger but with fewer details,
  are best for finding your way between cities,
  states, and larger areas
• Map scales tell you how to read distance
• One inch may represent 10 miles or 100 miles

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Section 1.5 Activity

• Get out a spare sheet of paper
• Pg. 7 Worksheet
• Top map 1st
• Make your ruler
• Write numbers 1-5 with answer on the side of the
  sheet
• Once finished do next map questions
• Dont forget to put your name and other info down

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Section 1.6 Hemispheres, Continents, and Oceans

• Hemispheres geographers divide the earth by
  hemispheres
• North South are split by the Equator
• East West by the Prime Meridian
• 7 Continents Asia, Africa, North America, South
  America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia
• 4 Oceans Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic

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Section 1.7 Earth Sun

• Revolution one round trip 365 ¼ days
• Axis what earth spins on
• Rotation takes 24 hours
• Tilt causes seasons
• Tropic of Cancer Capricorn sun never beats
  down directly above or below
• Tropical Zones area between the zones
• Arctic Antarctic sun does not shine one day a
  year above line towards poles

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Section 1.7 Activity DID NOT USE LAST YEAR

• Pg. 9 worksheet
• Put down assignment heading
• Complete as a class

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Section 1.8 Showing a Round Worlds on a Flat Map

• Most maps will show distortion
• Many different types of projections
• Lambert circular map, show size accurately at
  the center, but not shape or distance, used for
  polar areas
• Mercator shows direction accurately near the
  equator but distorts size towards the poles
• Eckert IV shows size but distorts shape
• Goodes Homolosine shows continents but
  distorts oceans

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How does this projection create a distorted image?
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How does this projection create a distorted image?
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Section 1.8 Activity DID NOT USE LAST YEAR

• Pg. 10 worksheet
• Put down assignment heading
• Use page 22-23 in you book to help

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Contemporary Tools (Summarize)

• Remote Sensing - the acquisition of data about
  the Earths surface from a satellite orbiting
  Earth or from other long-distance methods.
  Images are transmitted in digital form from a
  satellite to a receiving station on Earth
• GPS ( Global Positioning System) - a system that
  accurately determines the precise position of
  something on Earth