Active Reading Note-Taking Guide

1
Active Reading Note-Taking Guide

• Chapter 4 The Ancient Greeks

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Chapter 4, Section 1The Early Greeks(Pages
116123)

• Main Idea
• Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these
  questions as you read
• How did early Greek kingdoms develop?
• What ideas developed in Greek city-states?
• p. 65

3
Geography of Greece

• Mainland Greece is a mountainous peninsula a
  body of land surrounded by water.
• The Aegean Sea, the Ionian Sea, and the Sea of
  Crete
• Ancient Greeks made a living from the sea. They
  became fishers, traders, and sailors.

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Chapter 4, Section 1The Early Greeks The
Geography of Greece (Page 117))

• Terms to Know
• Peninsula a body of land with water on three
  sides
• Academic Vocabulary
• community a group of people living in the same
  place
• p. 66

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Chapter 4, Section 1 The Early Greeks The
Minoans(Pages 118)
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The Minoans

• Were not Greek , but they were the first
  civilization in the region that became Greece.
• They made their wealth from trade
• Around 1450 BC, the Minoan civilization
  collapsed.

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Minoans
8
Palace of Knossos
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The First Greek Kingdoms

• The Mycenaeans invaded the Greek mainland around
  1900 BC and conquered the people living there.
• The center of each Mycenaean kingdoms was a
  fortified palace on a hill.
• They traded with the Minoans and replaced them as
  the major power on the Mediterranean in 1400 BC.
• They were even greater warriors, and their most
  famous victory is the Trojan War.
• King Agamemnon used trickery to win that war.

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The Trojan Horse
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Chapter 4, Section 1 The Early Greeks The First
Greek Kingdoms (Pages 119-120)

• People To Meet
• Agamemnon Mycenaean king who won the Trojan War.
• Places To Locate
• Mycenae the city in which a walled palace was
  discovered by Heinrich Schliemann
• Peloponnesus peninsula in southwest Greece

p. 69
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Dark Age of the Early Greek Kingdoms

• Mycenaean civilizations collapsed by 1100 BC.
  Earthquakes and fighting among the kingdoms had
  destroyed their hilltop forts.
• 1100 B.C. 750 B.C. was a difficult time for the
  Greek kingdoms.
• It was not all bad though a population shift
  occurred that helped expand the Greek culture.
• Dorians also invaded, bringing iron weapons and
  farm tools that were stronger.

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A Move to Colonize

• The population rose quickly as Greece recovered
  from its Dark Ages.
• Cities began sending people outside of Greece to
  start colonies a colony is a settlement in a
  new territory that keeps close ties to its
  homeland.
• Colonies traded regularly with their parent
  cities shipping them grains, metals, fish,
  timber, and enslaved people.
• In return, the colonists received pottery, wine,
  olive oil from the mainland.

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Chapter 4, Section 1The Early Greeks A Move to
Colonize(Page 121)

• Sum It Up
• How did the new Greek colonies affect industry?
• The growth of trade between colonies and parent
  cities led to a growth in industry.
• p. 71

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Chapter 4, Section 1The Early Greeks A Move to
Colonize(Page 121)

• Previewing
• Skip
• Terms To Know
• polis Greek city-state
• agora open area in a polis that served as a
  market and a place to meet and debate
• Academic Vocabulary
• vary to show change
• debate to argue or discus

p. 71
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The Polis

• By the end of the Dark Age, many nobles who
  owned large estates had overthrown the kings.
• Each city-state was known as a polis and was like
  a small, independent country.
• Below the acropolis was as an open area called
  the agora, which was used for a market area and a
  place to meet for a debate.

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What was Greek citizenship?

• Citizens are members of a political community who
  treat each other as equals and who have rights
  responsibilities.
• Athens dropped the land owning requirement, but
  slaves foreign-born residents were still
  excluded.
• Citizens could choose officials pass laws. They
  had the right to vote, hold office, own property,
  defend themselves in court.

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Chapter 4, Section 1The Early Greeks(Pages
116123)

• As you read pages 122123 in your textbook,
  complete this diagram by filling in details about
  the polis.
• p.65

made up of a town or city and the surrounding
countryside
created by nobles
Polis
Main gathering place was the acropolis
like a tiny independent country
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The Acropolis
20
(No Transcript)
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Chapter 4, Section 1 The Early Greeks The First
Greek Kingdoms (Pages 119-120)

• Outlining
• What were the Mycenaean Kingdoms like?
• A. The center was a protected palace
• on a hill surrounded by farms.
• B. Artisans, workers, and government officials
  all worked in the palaces.

p. 68
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Chapter 4, Section 1 The Early Greeks The First
Greek Kingdoms (Pages 119-120)

• Outlining
• II. Power From trade and War
• A. Mycenaeans learned from the Minoan culture.
• B. The Mycenaeans replaced the Minoans as the
  major power in the Mediterranean.

p. 68
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Chapter 4, Section 1 The Early Greeks The First
Greek Kingdoms (Pages 119-120)

• Outlining
• III. What Was the Dark Age?
• A. The Mycenaean civilization collapsed by 110
  B.C., and the Dark Age began.
• B. The Dorians invaded Greece, bringing more
  advanced technology, resulting in farming, trade,
  and a new alphabet.

p. 68
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Chapter 4, Section 1The Early Greeks The
Polis(Pages 122-123)

• Determining The Main Idea
• Skip
• Terms To Know
• colony group that settles in a distant land
• Academic Vocabulary
• culture traits, beliefs, and behaviors shared by
  a group of people
• overseas located across the sea

p. 70
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Section 2 Athens and Sparta

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Chapter 4, Section 2Sparta and Athens(Pages
124130)

• Main Idea
• Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these
  questions as you read
• Why did Spartans conquer and control groups of
  people?
• How were the people of Athens different from the
  people of Sparta?
• p. 73

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Compare Contrast Sparta and Athens
Both
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Chapter 4, Section 2 Sparta and Athens (Pages
124130)

• Reading Strategy
• As you read pages 125130 in your textbook,
  complete this graphic organizer comparing and
  contrasting life in Sparta and Athens.
• p. 73

Athens
Sparta
set up colonies valued education for boys
girls learned household duties reforms lead to
democratic ideas allowed male citizens to vote
included a council and assembly
Both
conquered and enslaved neighbors controlling
government trained boys and men for war
girls were trained in sports oligarchy
discouraged foreign visitors and travel frowned
upon study fell behind in trade
played key roles in defending Greece
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Chapter 4, Section 2Sparta and Athens Tyranny
in the City-States (Pages 125126)

• Summarizing
• 1. ______________, ______________, and
  _____________ all wanted a part in Greek
  government. Their unhappiness led to the rise
  of ______________, men who took power by force.
  These tyrants took power away from the
  ______________.
• 2. Most Greeks wanted all ______________ to be a
  part of the government. So most city-states
  became either ______________ or ______________.

Small farmers
merchants
artisans
tyrants
nobles
citizens
oligarchies
democracies
p. 74
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Chapter 4, Section 2Sparta and Athens Tyranny
in the City-States (Pages 125126)

• Academic Vocabulary
• Structure the way parts are put together to form
  a whole
• participate to take part in something

p. 74
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Chapter 4, Section 2Sparta and Athens Tyranny
in the City-States (Pages 125126)

• Terms To Know
• Tyrant someone who takes power by force
• Oligarchy government in which a small group of
  people holds power
• Democracy government in which all citizens share
  in running the government

p. 74
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Chapter 4, Section 2Sparta and Athens Tyranny
in the City-States (Pages 125126)

• Sum It Up
• Why were tyrants so popular in the city-states?
• Small farmers, merchants, and artisans wanted
  change. The tyrants could overthrow the nobles
  with the backing of the common people. They
  built new marketplaces, temples, and walls.

p. 75
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Chapter 4, Section 2Sparta and Athens Sparta
(Pages 126127)

• Terms To Review
• Oligarchy( Ch.4) In an oligarchy, the government
  is run by just a few people
• Sum It Up
• Why did the Spartans stress military training?
• Spartans wanted to conquer their neighbors and
  control the large helot population.

p. 75-76
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Chapter 4, Section 2Sparta and Athens Sparta
(Pages 126127)
p. 75-76
35
Sparta

• Spartas government was an oligarchy. Two kings
  headed a council of elders, who presented laws to
  an assembly. All Spartan men over the age of 30
  belonged to an assembly. They voted on councils
  laws and chose five people to be ephors each
  year. Ephors enforced the laws and managed tax
  collection.

• Spartans focused more on military training than
  government or other education for their people,
  so they fell behind in Science and other
  subjects, but their soldiers were far stronger
  and swifter than many in the area.

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Athens

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Athens

• Unlike Spartans, Athenians were more interested
  in building a democracy than building a military
  force. Athenian teachers taught boys to read,
  write, and do arithmetic. Another teacher taught
  them sports. A third teacher taught them to sing
  and to play a stringed instrument called the
  lyre.

• This encouraged a well-rounded society, where
  boys became citizens at age 18 and finished
  school. Girls stayed at home and learned
  spinning, weaving, and other household duties. It
  was only in wealthy families that girls learned
  to read, write and play the lyre.

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Chapter 4, Section 2Sparta and Athens Athens
(Pages 128130)

• Connecting
• Skip
• People To Meet
• Solon a noble, trusted by both farmers and
  nobles, who canceled farmers debts and freed
  enslaved people
• Peisistratus a tyrant who seized power in 560
  B.C. he provided for the poor
• Cleisthenes the most important leader of Athens
  following Peisistratus he gave the people more
  power in government

p. 76
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Athens

• Early Athens was ruled by landowning nobles
  during the 600s BC.
• Around 600 BC, the Athenians began to rebel
  against the nobles.
• To help with the situation, nobles turned to the
  one man both sides trusted a noble named
  Solon.
• A tyrant named Peisistratus seized power in 560
  B.C.
• The most important leader after Peisistratus died
  was Cleisthenes

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Chapter 4, Section 2Sparta and Athens Athens
(Pages 126127)

• Academic Vocabulary
• nonetheless however
• process a series of actions leading to an end
  result
• Terms To Review
• democracy( Ch.4) In an democracy, many people
  can vote and have a vote in their government

p. 77
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Chapter 4, Section 2Sparta and Athens Sparta
(Pages 126127)

• Sum It Up
• How did Cleisthenes build a democracy in Athens?
• He reorganized the assembly to play the central
  role in governing and created a new council to
  help the assembly carry out daily business.

p. 77
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Chapter 4, Section 2Sparta and Athens(Pages
124130)

• Section Wrap Up
• Why did Spartans conquer and control groups of
  people?
• The Spartans needed more land to grow, so they
  conquered and enslaved their neighbors. They used
  military force to keep the people they had
  conquered from rebelling.

p. 77
43
Chapter 4, Section 2Sparta and Athens(Pages
124130)

• Section Wrap Up
• How were the people of Athens different from the
  people of Sparta?
• The Athenians valued learning as well as sport.
  Boys were educated. Girls learned household
  duties. Athenians also allowed citizens a voice
  in government.

p. 77
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Chapter 4, Section 2Sparta and Athens Guided
Reading 4-2 (Pages 124130)

• Tyrants
• oligarchies democracies
• Few
• citizens
• Sparta
• Helots
• seven
• sports
• Government
• Kings elders
• 28 60
• assembly
• 30
• Voted
• ephors

• Democracy
• Solon debts
• Peistratus
• Cleisthenes
• Assembly
• 500

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Chapter 4, Section 3Persia Attacks The
Greeks(Pages 131137)

• Main Idea
• Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these
  questions as you read
• How did the Persian Empire bring together such
  a wide area?
• What role did Athens and Sparta play in
  defeating the Persians?
• p. 78

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Chapter 4, Section 3Persia Attacks The
Greeks(Pages 131137)

• Reading Strategy

Ruler Accomplishment
Cyrus united Persians into powerful kingdom captured Babylon treated all subjects well
Darius reorganized government to make it work better divided the empire into states defeated the Persians in the Battle of Marathon
Xerxes launched invasion of Greece to avenge his father
p. 78
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Cyrus the Great

• Liberator of the Jews
• P. 132

48
Darius

• Which would be more beneficial having paid
  soldiers or copying the Greek method of citizens
  fighting?

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Xerxes

• Darius son who vowed revenge on the Greeks for
  defeating them at the Battle of Marathon.

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Chapter 4, Section 3Persia Attacks The Greeks
The Persian Empire(Pages 132133)

• Outlining
• I. The Rise of the Persian Empire
• A. Cyruss armies conquered many lands
• to build an empire.
• B. Other leaders added territory and built miles
  of roads to connect their holdings.

p. 79
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Chapter 4, Section 3Persia Attacks The Greeks
The Persian Empire(Pages 132133)

• Outlining
• II. What Was Persian Government Like?
• A. Darius reorganized the government
• to make it work better.
• B. The government paid full-time soldiers to
  protect the kings power.

p. 79
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Chapter 4, Section 3Persia Attacks The Greeks
The Persian Empire(Pages 132133)

• Outlining
• III. The Persian Religion
• A. The Persian religion was called
• Zoroastrianism.
• B. Zoroaster believed in one god and
• taught that humans had the freedom
• to choose between good and evil.

p. 79
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Chapter 4, Section 3Persia Attacks The Greeks
The Persian Empire(Pages 132133)

• Terms To Know
• Satrapies states that formed the empire.
• Satrap an official that ran a Satrapy
• Zoroastrianism the religion of Persia
• People To Meet
• Cyrus the Great leader who united the Persians
  into the largest empire in the world

p. 79
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Chapter 4, Section 3Persia Attacks The Greeks
The Persian Empire(Pages 132133)

• Academic Vocabulary
• vision mystical experience of seeing the
• supernatural
• dominate to control or rule by superior power
• Terms To Review
• Nomads (Ch. 1) Hunters and gatherers were nomads
  because they had to move from place to place to
  find food.
• Empire (Ch. 1) Persia conquered many lands to
  build its great empire.

p. 80
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Chapter 4, Section 3Persia Attacks The Greeks
The Persian Empire(Pages 132133)

• Sum It Up
• Why did Darius create Satrapies?
• The empire was very big and difficult to
  manage. Dividing it into smaller states made the
  government work better.

p. 80
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Chapter 4, Section 3Persia Attacks The Greeks
The Persian Wars (Pages 134137)

• Sequencing
• 1. ____ Greek army crushed the Persian army at
  Plataea
• 2. ____ Persian fleet landed 20,000 soldiers on
  the plain of Marathon
• 3. ____ Athenian army helped the Greeks in Asia
  Minor rebel against Persian rulers
• 4. ____ Xerxes launches invasion of Greece
• 5. ____ Alexander invades the Persian Empire
• 6. ____ Darius dies

5
2
1
4
6
3
p. 81
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Chapter 4, Section 3Persia Attacks The Greeks
The Persian Wars (Pages 134137)

• Places To Locate
• Marathon plain where the Persian army was
  defeated by the Greeks
• Thermopylae a narrow pass through the mountains
  where the Greeks fought bravely against the
  Persia.
• Salamis a narrow strip of water where the Greeks
  destroyed almost the entire Persian fleet.
• Platea location of the battle where the Greeks
  crushed the Persian army, convincing the Persians
  to retreat.

p. 81
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Chapter 4, Section 3Persia Attacks The Greeks
The Persian Wars (Pages 134137)

• People To Meet
• Xerxes son of Darius who vowed revenge against
  the Athenians and launched a new invasion of
  Greece
• Themistocles Athenian general
• Academic Vocabulary
• Internal located inside

p. 81-82
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Chapter 4, Section 3Persia Attacks The Greeks
The Persian Wars (Pages 134137)
p. 81-82
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Chapter 4, Section 3Persia Attacks The Greeks
The Persian Wars (Pages 134137)

• Sum It Up
• What led to the Persian Wars?
• Greeks setting up colonies in the Mediterranean
  area often clashed with the Persians. In 499
  B.C., the Athenian army helped the Greeks in Asia
  Minor rebel against their Persian rulers. King
  Darius decided that the mainland Greeks had to be
  stopped from interfering in the Persian Empire.

p. 82
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Chapter 4, Section 3Persia Attacks The
Greeks(Pages 131137)

• Section Wrap Up
• How did the Persian Empire bring together such a
  wide area?
• Cyrus united the Persians into a powerful
  kingdom and sent armies to take over Mesopotamia,
  Asia Minor, Syria, Canaan, and the Phoenician
  cities. Cyruss merciful rule helped hold the
  empire together

p. 82
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Chapter 4, Section 3Persia Attacks The
Greeks(Pages 131137)

• Section Wrap Up
• What role did Athens and Sparta play in defeating
  the Persians?
• The Athenians defeated the Persians at the
  Battle of Marathon. Then the Athenians and
  Spartans united to defeat the Persians when
  Xerxes launched an invasion. Sparta sent the
  most soldiers. Athens provided the navy.

p. 82
63
Chapter 4, Section 4 The Age of Pericles (Pages
138146)

• Main Idea
• Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these
  questions as you read
• How did Athens change under the rule of
  Pericles?
• What happened when Sparta and Athens went to
  war for control of Greece?
• p. 83

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Chapter 4, Section 4 The Age of Pericles (Pages
138146)

• Reading Strategy
• As you read pages 139144 in your textbook,
  create a circle graph showing how many citizens,
  foreigners, and enslaved people lived in Athens
  in the 400s B.C.

Citizens 150,000
Foreigners 35,000
Enslaved People 100,000
p. 83
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Chapter 4, Section 4 The Age of Pericles The
Athenian Empire (Pages 139140)

• RAP copy these Terms to Know
• Direct democracy system of government in which
  people vote firsthand to decide government
  matters and make laws and policies
• Representative democracy system of government in
  which people elect a smaller group of people to
  make laws and decisions on their behalf
• Philosophers people who pursue wisdom

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Chapter 4, Section 4 The Age of Pericles The
Athenian Empire (Pages 139140)

• Places To Locate
• Delos island serving as headquarters to the
  Delian League
• People To Meet
• Pericles leading figure in Athenian politics
  after the Persian Wars
• Academic Vocabulary
• behalf in the interest of
• achieve to carry out with success

p. 84-85
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The Athenian Empire

• Athens and other city states (except Sparta)
  joined together to form the Delian League and
  join forces against the threat of the Persian
  Empire.
• Athens was primarily in control of the Delian
  League.

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Democracy in Athens

• Athenians had a direct democracy, where people
  gather at mass meetings to decide on government
  matters.
• In the United States, we have a representative
  democracy, where citizens choose a smaller group
  to make laws and governmental decisions on their
  behalf.

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Athenian Democracy

• Direct democracy worked for Athenians because
  they were pretty small compared to the U.S.
• Only about 6,000 men were involved and ten of
  them were in charge of carrying out the laws and
  policies.

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Compare governments on p. 140

• Refer to the chart on p. 138 to compare and
  contrast the governments of Athens and Sparta.
  Then, raise your hand to answer the questions you
  find at the bottom of the chart.

71
The Achievement of Pericles

• Pericles was one of Athens greatest generals. He
  helped manage the Delian League, made Athens more
  democratic, and supported the arts and culture.
• The Age of Pericles was a time of much rebuilding
  and focus on creativity.
• Pericles supported artists, architects, writers,
  and philosophers.

72
Summary

• Section Wrap Up
• How did Athens change under the rule of Pericles?
• .

73
Summary answer

• How did Athens change under the rule of Pericles?
• Athens dominated the Delian League. The
  government became more democratic. Culture
  blossomed. Artists, architects, writers, and
  philosophers were supported

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Daily Life in Athens
75
Daily Life in Athens

• Athens was the largest city state with almost
  300,000 residents.

76
Fill in this circle graph to show the different
groups who lived in Athens
77
Chapter 4, Section 4 The Age of Pericles (Pages
138146)

• Reading Strategy

Citizens 150,000
Foreigners 35,000
Enslaved People 100,000
p. 83
78
What Drove Athenian Economy?

• Most Athenians were farmers but could not grow
  enough to support their people, so they had to
  trade.
• Athens was the trading center of the Greek world.

79
Roles of Men and Women

• Men usually worked in the morning and exercised
  or attended assembly meetings in the evening.
• Women were more involved with household duties,
  but some poor women also had to help work in the
  fields or sell goods in the agora.

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Roles of Men and Women

• Upper class women got to stay home, supervised
  servants, and made clothing. They were only
  allowed to leave the house if a male was with
  them.
• Wealthy Athenian women could not attend school,
  but still knew how to read and play music.
• Women were not considered to be equal to men.

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Role of Men and Women

• Aspasia was a unique woman. She was well educated
  and taught public speaking.
• Plato and Pericles credit her with shaping their
  ideas and helping them make their decisions.

82
Chapter 4, Section 4 RAP Answer the following
question

• How did Athenian men and women spend their time?

p. 85
83
Chapter 4, Section 4 The Age of Pericles The
Athenian Empire (Pages 139140)

• How did Athenian men and women spend their time?
• Men worked in the morning, then exercised or
  attended meetings of the assembly. Upper class
  men enjoyed all-male gatherings in the evenings.
  Women took care of household duties and rarely
  went out. They could leave the house only with a
  male relative. Women had no political rights.
  Poor women might also work.

p. 85
84
The Peloponnesian War

• Sparta and other city states became suspicious of
  Athens as they grew more powerful, so they joined
  forces to take them down.
• Sparta and Athens had such different societies
  that they didnt trust or understand each other,
  and Sparta viewed Athens actions as Athenian
  aggression.

85
Map p. 144 The Peloponnesian War
86
The Peloponnesian War

• War finally broke out and crushed any thought of
  cooperation among the city-states.
• The war between Athens and Sparta was called the
  Peloponnesian War.

87
Pericles Funeral Oration

• Pericles spoke at a funeral to honor those who
  had died in battle.
• His Funeral Oration reminded Athenians of their
  civic duty.
• Athenian citizens agreed to pay taxes, defend the
  city, and also earned the right to vote and run
  for office.

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Why was Athens defeated?

• Pericles believed Athenians should move inside
  the city and let the walls protect them.
• The plague killed 1/3 of the population,
  including Pericles.
• Sparta joined forces with Persia, so they could
  have enough money to build a navy.
• Sparta defeated Athens by land and sea and tore
  apart the Athenian Empire.

89
Why Was Athens defeated?

• Results of the Peloponnesian War include
• Greek city states were weakened
• Many deaths and farms destroyed
• High unemployment
• Greek city states warred against one another
• Distracted them from seeing their Macedonian
  neighbors power growing

90
Chapter 4, Section 4 The Age of Pericles The
Athenian Empire (Pages 139140)

• Sum It Up
• What is the difference between a direct democracy
  and a representative democracy?
• In a direct democracy, individuals have a direct
  voice in their government. In a representative
  democracy, individuals elect people to make
  decisions on their behalf.

p. 85
91
Chapter 4, Section 4 The Age of Pericles The
Peloponnesian War (pages 144146)

• Sum It Up
• What effects did the Peloponnesian War have on
  Greece?
• The Spartans tore down the Athenian empire in
  their victory. The long war weakened all the
  major Greek city-states. Many were dead and left
  without farms or jobs, and the Greeks could no
  longer unite to fight together.

p. 88
92
Chapter 4, Section 4 The Age of Pericles (Pages
138146)

• Section Wrap Up
• What happened when Sparta and Athens went to war
  for control of Greece?
• Ultimately, all of Greece was weakened by the
  long war. The Spartans surrounded Athens for more
  than 25 years. Many died, lost farms, and lost
  jobs. Ultimately the victors, the Spartans
  destroyed the Athenian empire. But the
  city-states rebelled against Spartan control.

p. 88