Principles of Information Systems Eighth Edition

1
Principles of Information SystemsEighth Edition

• Chapter 5
• Organizing Data and Information

2
??????????????????????(1)

• ????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????? ???????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????

3
??????????????????????(2)

• ??????????????????????? ??? ??????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  (DBMS) ???????????????????????????????????????????
  ??

4
??????????????????????(3)

• ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????
• ????????????? ????????????????????????????????????
  ????

5
????????????????????????? ????????????? ?

• ?????????????????? ??????????????????????????????
  ???????????
• ????
• ???????????????? ???????????????????????????????
  
• ???? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????
  ?????? ?????????????????????????????????????

6
Introduction

• Database ????????? ??????? ??????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????
• Database management system (DBMS)
  ??????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ? ???????????????????
• Database administrator (DBA) ????????????????????
  ????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????????
  ???? ????????????????? ??????????????????

7
Data Management

• ???????? data ????????????????????????????????????
  ????????? ????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????
• Data ?????????? raw facts
• ?????????? data ???? information
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????

8
The Hierarchy of Data

• Bit (a binary digit) ????????????????????????????
  ??? ??????????????????? (Binary digit)
  ??????????????????????????????? ??? 0 ??? 1
• Byte 1 ???? 8 ??? ??????????? 0 ??? 1
  ?????????????????? 1 ????
• Character 1 ???? 1 ???????? ???????????????????
  ??????? ?????? 256 ????????
• Field ??? ????????????????????????? 1 ??????????
  ????????????????????????????

9
The Hierarchy of Data (continued)

• Record ??????? ????????????? ????????????????????
  ?????????? ????????????????? ?????????????????????
  ???????????
• File ??????? ???????????????????????????????????
  
• Database ????????????????????????????????????????
  ?? ???????
• Hierarchy of data
• Bits, characters, fields, records, files, and
  databases

10
The Hierarchy of Data (continued)
Figure 5.1 The Hierarchy of Data
11
Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys

• Entities ??? ??????????????????????? ???????
  ??????? ?????????????????? ???? entities ???????
• Attribute ??? ?????????? ? ????????? entities
  ???? ???? ????
• Data Item ?????????????? attribute ????
  ??????????? attribute ???????????????????????????
• Key ??? ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????? record
• Primary key ??? field ?????????? field
  ???????????????????????????? record ????

12
Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys (continued)
Figure 5.2 Keys and Attributes
13
The Database Approach

• Traditional approach to data management
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????? ???????????????????
• Database approach to data management
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????? ??????????????????????????????????????
  ???? ?????????????????????????????????????

14
The Database Approach (continued)
Figure 5.3 The Database Approach to Data
Management
15
Advantages of the Database Approach

• ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????

16
Advantages of the Database Approach
6. ??????????????????????????????????????? 7.
???????????????????????????????????????????????? 8
. ??????????????????????????????????? 9.
???????????????????????????? 10.
?????????????????????????
17
Disadvantages of the Database Approach
1. ????????????????? 2. ????????????????????
3. ????????
18
Data Modeling and the Relational Database Model

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????
• ????????????????????????? Content
• ???????????????????????????????? Access
• ?????????????????????????????? Logical structure
• ????????????????????????? Physical organization

19
Data Modeling ??????????????

• ???????????????????? ?????????? 2 ???????
• Logical design ???????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????? ???????????????????????
  ????????????????????
• Physical design ??????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????? Logical design
  ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????? ???????????????????????????

20
Data Modeling (continued)

• Data Model ??????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????? ??????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?
• Entity-relationship (ER)
• ????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????

21
Data Modeling (continued)
Figure 5.4 An Entity-Relationship (ER) Diagram
for a Customer Order Database
22
The Relational Database Model

• Relational model (?????????????????????????? )
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????????(
  Atomic Transmission)
• ????? (Table) ?????????? ?????????????
• 1 table ??? 1 entity
• ???????????? ??? attributes , field
• ???????? ??? 1 Record
• Domain ????????????????????? attribute ????
  ??????????????
• ???? ??????????????? 30 ??? ???? ???
  ???????????????? ????????

23
The Relational Database Model (continued)
Figure 5.5 A Relational Database Model
24
The Relational Database Model (continued)

• Selecting ??????????????????????????????
• Projecting ???????? columns ???????
• Joining ?????????????????????????????????????
• Linking ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ????
  ????????

25
The Relational Database Model (continued)
Figure 5.6 A Simplified ER Diagram Showing the
Relationship Between the Manager, Department, and
Project Tables
26
The Relational Database Model (continued)
Figure 5.7 Linking Data Tables to Answer an
Inquiry
27
The Relational Database Model (continued)

• Data cleanup ????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????,???????,?????
  ????? ????????????????????? ?????? ???????
  ???????????????????????????????

28
The Relational Database Model (continued)
Table 5.3 Fitness Center Dues
29
The Relational Database Model (continued)
Table 5.4 Fitness Center Members
Table 5.5 Dues Paid
30
Database Management Systems (DBMSs)

• DBMS ??????????????????? ????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????? ????????????????????????
  ?????

31
Overview of Database Types

• Flat file
• ??????????????????? record ???????????????????????
  
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??
• Single user
• ?????????????????????????????????????
• ???? Access, FileMaker, and InfoPath
• Multiple user
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????
• ???? Oracle, Sybase, and IBM

32
Providing a User View

• Schema
• - ????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????
• - ???????????? DBMS ???????? ???????????????
  

33
Creating and Modifying the Database

• Data definition language (DDL)
• ????????????? ???????????????????????????????
  ???????? ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????? ????
• ???????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????(Relation)???????Table?????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????
• Data dictionary ???????????? ?????????????????
  ???????????????????????? ?????????????????

34
Creating and Modifying the Database (continued)
Figure 5.10 Using a Data Definition Language to
Define a Schema
35
Creating and Modifying the Database (continued)
Figure 5.11 A Typical Data Dictionary Entry
36
Storing and Retrieving Data

• ????? application program ???????????????? DBMS,
  ???????? logical access path ????
• user ??????????????? DBMS ???? ????????????
• List all options for which
  price is greater that 200 dollars
• ????? DBMS ??????????????????????????? storage
  device ???????? physical access path

37
Storing and Retrieving Data (continued)
Figure 5.12 Logical and Physical Access Paths
38
Manipulating Data and Generating Reports

• Data manipulation language (DML)
• ??????????????????????????????????????????
• Structured Query Language (SQL)
• ???????? American National Standards Institute
  (ANSI) ??????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????
  (relational databases)
• ?????????????????(Select) ???????? (Insert),
  ????????(Update), ???????????(Delete)
  ????????????????? ????????????????????????????????
  ???
• GRANT ????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????

39
Manipulating Data and Generating Reports
(continued)
Table 5.6 Examples of SQL Commands
40
Database Administration

• ?????????????????? (DBA)
• ????????????????????????????????? ????????????
  ????????????????????? ???? ?????????????????
  ??????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????????????
• DBA ???????????????? users ??? programmers

41
Popular Database Management Systems

• ???? Microsofts Access and FileMaker Pro
• Complete database management software market
  includes
• Software for professional programmers
• Databases for midrange, mainframe, and
  supercomputers
• Examples of open-source database systems
  PostgreSQL and MySQL
• Many traditional database programs are now
  available on open-source operating systems ????
  DB2 , Sybase

42
Special-Purpose Database Systems

• specific industries
• Israeli Holocaust Database (www.yadvashem.org)
• ?????????? Internet ??? ???????? 3 ???????? 14
  ????
• Hazmat database ???????????????????????? 3500
  ?????? ???????????????????????????????????????????
  ??
• Art and Antique Organizer Deluxe
• ????????????????? ?????? ????????????????????????
  ??? ??????????
• Special-purpose database by Tableau can be used
  to store and process visual images

43
Selecting a Database Management System

• Important characteristics of databases to
  consider
• ????????????????
• ???????????????? ??? ???????????????
• ?????????????? ??? ??????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????
• ??????? ??? ????????????????? ????????????????????
  ???????
• ?????????? ??? ?????????????????????????
  ??????????????? ???? ????????? ?????
• ?????????? ??? ???????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????

44
Using Databases with Other Software

• DBMSs can act as front-end or back-end
  applications
• Front end application ????????????????????????????
  ??????? ???? ????????????
• Back end application ???????????????????
  ???????????????????? ?????????????????????????????
  ???? ???????????????????????? ????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????

45
Database Applications

• ?????????????????????????????? ??????? 4
  ????????????
• searching ??????????????
• filtering ?????????????
• synthesizing ???????????????????
• assimilating ?????????????

46
Linking Databases to the Internet

• Semantic Web
• ????????????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????? ????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????

47
Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining

• Data warehouse ?????????????????????????????????
  ??????? ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ? ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ? ?????????????????????????? ???????? ?????? ???
  ??????? ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????? ????????????? ??? ??????????????????
• Data mart ???????????????????????????????????????
  ???
• Data mining ???????????? ????
  ????????????????????????? ????????????????
  ?????????????????? ?????????? ??????????????

48
Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining
(continued)
Figure 5.17 Elements of a Data Warehouse
49
Common Data-Mining Applications
1. ???????????????????????????????????????????????
???????? 2. ????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????? 3. ????????? ????
??????????????????????? 4. ????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????? 5.
???????????????????????????? ????
????????????????? 6. ?????????????????? ????
???????????????????????? ??? ???? 7.
????????????????????? ???? ?????????
???????????????????????????????????
50
Business Intelligence

• Business intelligence (BI) ??????????????
• ???????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????? ??????????????????????????? ???????
  ??? ????????????

51
Business Intelligence (continued)

• Competitive intelligence ?????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????? ???
  ???????????????????????? ?????? ??? ????????????
  ?????????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???
  ???????????????
• Counterintelligence ?????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????? ??????????????????
  ??? ????????????????

52
Distributed Databases

• Distributed database
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????
• ????????????? ????????????????????????????????????
  ???????
• ???? ??????????????????????????????????? ???
  ???????????? ??????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????? ???????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????
• Replicated database
• ????????????????????????????? ????????????????????
  ???
• ?????????????????????????

53
Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
????????????????????????

• ??????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????? ????????????????????????
  ????????

54
Comparison of OLAP and Data Mining
?????? OLAP Data Mining
???????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????? ???????? , ????????? ??????????, ?????
??????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? data mining ??????????????????????????????????????????
55
Object-Oriented and Object-Relational Database
Management Systems

• Object-oriented database ??????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????
• Method procedure or action ??????? ???? ????????
• Message request to execute or run a method
• ????????????????

56
Object-Oriented and Object-Relational Database
Management Systems (continued)

• Object-oriented database management system
  (OODBMS) ????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????? ??? ??????????????????????? ???
  ???????????????????????????????
• Object-relational database management system
  (ORDBMS) ???? DBMS ??????????????????????????????
  ?????????????? ?????? ????????????????

57
Visual, Audio, and Other Database Systems

• Databases for storing images ??????
• Databases for storing sound ?????
• Virtual database systems ????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????
• Other special-purpose database systems
• Spatial data technology ????? NASA
  ?????????????????????????????????????

58
Summary

• Database a collection of integrated and related
  files
• Hierarchy of data bits, characters, fields,
  records, files, and databases
• Key a field or set of fields in a record that is
  used to identify the record
• Database approach to data management a pool of
  related data is shared by multiple application
  programs
• Data model diagram of entities and relationships

59
Summary (continued)

• Relational model describes data in which all
  elements are placed in two-dimensional tables
  called relations
• Database management system (DBMS) group of
  programs used as an interface between a database
  and application programs or a database and the
  user
• Role of the database administrator (DBA) plan,
  design, create, operate, secure, monitor, and
  maintain databases

60
Summary (continued)

• Data warehouse database that collects business
  information from all aspects of a companys
  processes, products, and customers
• Data mining information-analysis tool for the
  automated discovery of patterns and relationships
  in a data warehouse
• Object-oriented database database that stores
  both data and its processing instructions