Information Feedback Family

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Information Feedback Family

• Intrinsic Feedback
• Extrinsic Feedback

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Intrinsic Feedback

• internal feedback that is received during and
  after a movement is executed
• e.g., Proprioceptive Feedback
• Muscle Spindles
• Golgi Tendon Organs
• Joint Receptors

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Extrinsic Feedback

• usually augmented feedback provided during or
  after a response from an individual or device
• Knowledge of Performance
• Knowledge of Results

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Knowledge of Results (KR)

• Is augmented, verbal or verbalizable information
  that refers to the attainment of an environmental
  goal. (Did the response accomplish the intended
  movement goal?)
• e.g., the ball rolled two inches to the right of
  the pin

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Knowledge of Performance (KP)

• Is augmented information that refers to the
  actual movement pattern that produced an action.
  Information is received about the actual
  performance execution of the movement, often
  presented in relation to a standard of
  correctness.
• e.g., your arm was not extended when you hit
  that overhead

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Knowledge of Results How Important?

• Focus of attention work
• Wulf Weigelt, 1997 Wulf, Hoss Prinz, 1998
  Wulf, Lauterbach, Toole, in press
• Erroneous KR
• Buekers, Magill, Hall (1992)

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Bilodeau, Bilodeau, Shumsky (1959)

• In terms of absolute error, performance improved
  (particularly in earlier trials) only after
  trials with KR were provided.
• On trials following KR presentation, there was no
  performance effect due to the relative frequency.
  (trials without KR showed no performance
  increase)
• Concluded that learning is related to the
  absolute frequency not the relative frequency
  of KR.

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Fading of KR

• Is a schedule which provides feedback (KR) more
  frequently early in practice, and then gradually
  reduces the number of trials for which feedback
  is provided

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Fading KR
Absolute Error
Acquisition Trials
Retention
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Summary KR

• Is a format of presenting knowledge of results in
  which a predetermined number of trials is
  completed before knowledge of results is
  presented for that set

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Summary-KR

• SUMMARY T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 KR1 KR2 KR3 KR4 KR5
• IMMEDIATE T1 KR1 T2 KR2 T3 KR3 T4 KR4 T5 KR5

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Gable, Shea, Wright (1991)
Absolute Constant Error (N)
SUMMARY CONDITION
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Schmidt et al. (1990)
0 deg
180 deg
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Optimum Summary Length
KR 5/5
KR1/1
Score
KR10/10
KR15/15
ACQUISITION TRIAL BLOCK
RETENTION
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Bandwidth KR

• Involves setting some criterion range of errors
  within which knowledge of results (KR) is not
  provided and outside of which KR is provided

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Bandwidth KR (10)
KR Presented
360 ms
400 ms
No KR Presented
440 ms
KR Presented
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Bandwidth KR (Sherwood, 1988)

• With larger bandwidths there is a improvement in
  consistency (VE)
• With larger bandwidths have a reduction in
  relative frequency of KR

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Temporal Components of KR
Inter-Response Interval
KR n
Trial n
Trial n1
KR-delay
Post KR delay
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KR Trials Delay
Trials-Delay 1 T1 T2 KR1 T3 KR2 T4 KR3 T5
KR4.......... Immediate T1 KR1 T2 KR2 T3
KR3 T4 KR4 T5..........
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Lavery Suddon (1962)
Total Error (cm)
Acquisition Trial Block
Retention
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Guidance Hypothesis Negative Effects

• Subjects may become reliant on the guiding
  properties of KR
• Eliminate the need to process a variety of task
  related cues
• Encourages trial to trial instability