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Comparative Anatomy Circulatory System

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Comparative Anatomy Circulatory System Kardong Chapter 12 Part 13 Aortic Arch Summary Urodele Ductus caroticus Ductus arteriosus - dorsal segment of 6th arch Reptiles ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Comparative Anatomy Circulatory System


1
Comparative AnatomyCirculatory System
  • Kardong
  • Chapter 12

Part 13
2
Cardiovascular System
  • Arteries
  • Carry blood away from the heart
  • Muscular, elastic fibrous walls (see next figure)
  • Regulates blood pressure
  • Terminate in capillary bed
  • Veins
  • Carry blood toward the heart
  • Heart
  • Modified blood vessel

Figure 13.1. Cross section of artery and vein.
3
Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
Figure 13.2. Blood vessel microanatomy..
4
Aortic arches- Within pharyngeal arches
Figure 13.3. Basic circulatory pattern of
amniote embryo.
5
Aortic arches- Within pharyngeal arches
(discussed later)
Figure 13.4-5. Embryological development of
aortic arches (see book figures 12.9 -10).
6
Portal Systems
  • Veins that drain an organ and dump blood into
    another organ instead of heart

Figure 13.6. Portal systems of craniates.
7
Portal Systems (cont.)
  • Hepatic
  • Drains small intestine into liver
  • Renal
  • Drains venous channels of tail into kidneys
  • Hypophyseal
  • Drains hypothalamus into sinusoids of anterior
    pituitary
  • Smallest

Figure 13.7. Hepatic and renal portal systems of
shark (book figure 12.11).
8
Portal Systems (cont.)
Figure 13.8. Hypophyseal portal system (book
figure 15.15) .
9
Heart
  • In a typical tetrapod, the heart pumps blood
  • By pulmonary arteries, from heart to lungs (blood
    returns to heart by pulmonary veins)
  • By aorta to systemic circulation
  • Fish heart tube-like
  • 4 chambers
  • Sinus venosus
  • Atrium
  • Ventricle
  • Conus arteriosus

Figure 13.9. Four chambers of heart in most
fishes (book figure 12.26).
10
Fish Heart (cont.)
  • Fish heart
  • Sinus venosus
  • Atrium
  • Ventricle
  • Conus arteriosus

Figure 13.10. Fish with four chambered heart
(book figure 12.27).
11
Fish Heart (cont.)
  • Sinus venosus
  • Thin-walled venous chamber
  • Receives blood from ducts of Cuvier, coronary
    veins, hepatic veins
  • Atrium
  • Large and thin walled
  • Dorsal to ventricle

12
Fish Heart (cont.)
  • Ventricle
  • Dumps into conus arteriosus- continuous with
    aorta
  • Chambers separated by valves sino-atrial valve,
    atrio-ventricular valve, semi-lunar valve
  • Conus arteriosus (bulbus cordis in embryos)
  • Short in bony fish and amphibians
  • Termed bulbous arteriosus (if walls lack cardiac
    muscle, but contains smooth muscle)
  • Not found in adult amniotes

13
Phylogeny of the Heart
Figure 13.11. Heart chambers, oxygenated blood
flow (red), and septum modification .
14
Lungfish and Amphibian vs Dogfish
  • Modifications of partial or complete partition in
    atrium
  • Left and right atria
  • Advent of lungs
  • Double circulation
  • Modification in conus arteriosus
  • Semi-lunar valve modified to shunt deoxygenated
    blood to lungs (spiral valve)

15
Spiral Valve
Figure 13.12. Spiral valve in dipnoans
longitudinal folds of conus lining (book figure
12.29).
Figure 13.13. Spiral valve in anurans single
flap (book figure 12.30).
16
Amphibian Heart
  • Spiral valve directs oxygenated blood entering
    ventricle from left atrium
  • Conus (termed truncus arteriosus when greatly
    reduced)
  • Bulbus arteriosus
  • Swelling of ventral aorta
  • Smooth muscle

Figure 13.14. Three chambered frog heart.
17
Amphibian Heart (cont.)
  • Urodele - partially divided circulation
  • Right and left atrium
  • Sinus venosus dumps into right atrium
  • Pulmonary veins leave left ventricle
  • Reptile - fully divided circulation

Figure 13.15-16. Salamander heart chambers
(left) and circulation path (book figures 12.16
and 12.31).
18
Reptile Heart
  • Cavum venosum (CV) - internal pocket e.g., turtle
  • Blood collected from post cava through sinus
    venosus from precava
  • To right atrium
  • Venous blood to CV
  • Cavum pulmonale
  • Into pulmonary artery to lungs
  • Oxy. blood returns through pulmonary veins in
    left atrium
  • Back to CV
  • To left and right aortic trunk

19
Turtle Heart
Figure 13.17. Chelonian heart chambers and
circulation path (see book figure 12.33).
20
Squamate Heart
Figure 13.18. Squamate heart chambers and
circulation path (book figure 12.35).
21
Crocodilian Heart
  • Mechanism for breathing and diving
  • Lungs not utilized
  • Blood not pumped to lungs
  • Foramen of Panizza
  • Valve between aortic trunks to divert blood
  • Allows left ventricle to pump to both arches when
    right ventricle closed
  • Underwater right ventricle helps pump systemic
    blood

22
Diving
  • Semilunar valve in right aorta closed when above
    water
  • Semilunar valve forced open when submerged in
    water to divert pulmonary circulation

(b)
(a)
Figure 13.19. Crocodilian blood circulation when
(a) diving and when (b) on the surface.
23
Two Aortic Trunks
Figure 13.20. Turtle heart and two aortic trunks
emerging .
Figure 13.21. Crocodilian foramen of Panizza
connects two aortic trunks at base (see book
figure 12.36).
24
Higher Amniote Heart
  • 4 chambered heart
  • 2 atria and 2 ventricles
  • Birds and mammals
  • Sinus venosus - 5th chamber in reptile heart
  • Becomes sino-atrial node
  • In embryo, right and left atria are not separated
  • Foramen ovale
  • Fossa ovalis
  • Auricle- flap on side of atrium

25
Adult Mammalian Heart
Figure 13.22. Adult heart blood flow (see book
figure 12.42).
26
Aortic Arches
  • Basic pattern has 6 aortic arches
  • Major arterial channels
  • Ventral aorta
  • Dorsal aorta
  • 6 pairs of aortic arches
  • connects ventral aorta
  • and dorsal aortae
  • Reptiles - additional arch

Figure 13.23. Adult heart blood flow (book
figure 12.13).
27
Aortic Arches (cont.)
Figure 13.24. Basic pattern of aortic arches and
dorsal aortae.
Figure 13.25. Ventral perspective of aortic
arches (book figure 12.19).
28
Figure 13.26. Left aortic arches (see book
figure 12.17).
29
Aortic Arches (cont.)
  • Teleost
  • 1st and 2nd arches lost
  • Dorsal aortae become internal carotids
  • Lung fish
  • Pulmonary artery from 6th arch
  • Tetrapods
  • Pulmonary artery from 6th arch
  • 5th arch lost

Figure 13.27. Aortic arches, internal carotids
(ic) and pulmonary artery (book figure 12.14).
30
Tetrapod Aortic Arches
  • 1st and 2nd arches lost
  • Dorsal segment dropped between 3rd and 4th arches
  • Ductus caroticus

Figure 13.28. Adult aortic arches (see book
figure 12.17).
31
Tetrapod Aortic Arches (cont.)
  • 3rd arch extends to internal carotids
  • Carotid arch
  • Ventral aorta extension
  • External carotid
  • Common carotid at base between 3rd and 4th

Figure 13.29. Aortic arches, internal carotid
(ic), external carotic (ec) and common carotid
(cc) (book figure 12.14).
32
Tetrapod Aortic Arches (cont.)
  • 5th arch lost
  • Dorsal segment of 6th arch lost
  • 4th arch - no anterior connection
  • Aortic arch (systemic arch)
  • 6th arch
  • Pulmonary arch
  • Ex adult anuran

Figure 13.30. Adult aortic arches (book figure
14.19).
33
Figure 13.31. Modifications of aortic arches and
dorsal aortae into mature mammalian vascular
system.
34
Aortic Arch Summary
  • Urodele
  • Ductus caroticus
  • Ductus arteriosus
  • - dorsal segment of 6th arch
  • Reptiles
  • 1st and 2nd arches lost
  • Ductus caroticus lost
  • 5th arch lost
  • Ductus arteriosus lost
  • Additional aortic arch introduced
  • Arch from left side loops right
  • Arch from right side loops left

Figure 13.32. Modifications of aortic arches and
their derivative in anamniotes (book figure
12.14).
35
Mammalian Aortic Arches
  • 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th retained embryonically
  • Adults- 1st and 2nd dropped
  • 3rd carotid arch
  • 4th systemic arch
  • 5th lost
  • Dorsal segment of 6th lost
  • Retained embryonically- ductus arteriosus
    (ligamentum arteriosum)

Figure 13.33. Adult aortic arches (book figure
12.19).
Figure 13.34. Left aortic arches (book figure
12.17).
36
Bird Aortic Arches
  • Right portion of aortic arch is retained and left
    is lost (opposite to mammals)
  • Birds have right aortic arch
  • Mammals have left aortic arch

37
Venous System
  • Sinus venosus - where all blood returns
  • Feed by common cardinals and subclavian veins
  • Shark renal portal system - drains blood from
    tail before entering post cardinal (book figure
    12.21)

Figure 13.35. Modifications of basic venous
patterns showing sinus venosus (S) (book figure
12.21).
38
Venus System
  • Major venous channels
  • Cardinals anterior, posterior, common
  • Renal portal
  • Lateral abdominals
  • Vitellines- associated with hepatic portal system
  • Coronary veins
  • Additional characteristics of higher vertebrates
  • Pulmonary
  • Posterior vena cava

39
Venus System
  • Common cardinals - directs blood to sinus
    venosus
  • Anterior cardinals - receives blood from head
  • Post cardinals - receives blood from kidneys
  • Renal portal - receives blood from caudal vein
  • Lateral abdominals- receives blood from
    abdominal stream to iliac (lateral wall of
    body)
  • Hepatic portal veins - receives blood from
    intestine into liver
  • Hepatic veins direct blood into sinus venosus

40
Modifications to Basic Venous System
  • Post cardinal lost in adult anurans
  • Post cava- new vessel
  • Post cava drains kidneys in turtle
  • External iliac vein connects lateral abdominals
    and renal portal system

41
Modifications to Basic Venous System
  • Most mammals lose renal portal system
  • Pre-cava- common cardinals in higher verts
  • Internal jugular- anterior cardinal veins
  • Anterior vena cava- only right pre-cava retained

42
Modifications to Basic Venous System
  • Azygous- vestige of right post cardinal vein
  • Hemiazygous- remnant of left post cardinal
  • Inferior vena cava- post cava

(a)
(b)
Figure 13.36. Ventral view of anterior venous
channels of cat and human (a) and ventral view of
azygos of rhesus monkey (b).
43
Azygos and Hemiazygos
Figure 13.37. Ventral view of venous channels of
rabbit (see book figure 12.23).
44
Fetal Circulation
Figure 13.38. Circulation of mammalian fetus
(see book figure 12.42).
45
Fetal Circulation (cont.)
Figure 13.39. Fetal circulation before birth.
46
Fetal Circulation (cont.)
Figure 13.40. Pre birth fetal circulation liver
(I), inferior vena cava (II), rt. atrium (III),
lt. atrium (IV), ductus arteriosus into
descending aorta (see book figure 12.42).
47
Fetal Circulation (cont.)
  • Oxygenation at placenta
  • Umbilical veins supply fetus with oxy. blood
  • Vein passes through liver and unites with post
    cava
  • From right atrium, oxy. blood goes 2 directions
  • To right ventricle
  • To left atrium through foramen ovale

Figure 13.41. Foramen ovale in fetal circulation
system.
48
Fetal Circulation (cont.)
  • In right ventricle, oxy. blood sent to pulmonary
    artery
  • Lungs nonfunctional
  • Ductus arteriosus diverts blood from lungs

Figure 13.43. Left aortic arches with ductus
arteriosus.
Figure 13.42. Adult aortic arches of mammal.
49
Circulation At Birth
  • Placenta shuts down
  • Umbilical vein collapses- near falciform ligament
  • Interatrial aperture closes (fossa ovalis)
  • Ductus arteriosus closes (ligamentum arteriosum)
  • Deoxygenated blood now enters right ventricle,
    pulmonary arteries, and continues to lungs
  • Ductus venosus collapses (ligamentum venosum)

50
Figure 13.44. Post birth modifications in fetal
circulation.
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