Comparative Anatomy Circulatory System

1
Comparative AnatomyCirculatory System

• Note Set 10
• Chapter 12

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Circulatory System

• Aortic arches- within pharyngeal arches
• Arteries
• Carries blood away from heart
• Muscular, elastic fibrous walls
• Regulates blood pressure
• Terminate in capillary bed
• Veins
• Carry blood toward heart
• Heart
• Modified blood vessel

Figure 13.1 Cross section of artery and vein.
3
Figure 13.2 Basic circulatory pattern of amniote
embryo.
4
Figure 13.3 Embryological development of aortic
arches.
5
Portal Systems

• Veins drain organ and dump blood into other organ
  instead of heart

Figure 13.4 Portal systems.
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Portal Systems (cont.)

• Hepatic
• Drains intestine into liver
• Renal
• Drains venous channels of tail into kidneys
• Hypophyseal
• Drains hypothalamus into sinusoids of anterior
  pituitary
• Smallest

Figure 13.5 Hepatic and renal portal systems.
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Portal Systems (cont.)
Figure 13.6 Hypophyseal portal system.
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Heart

• Typical tetrapod blood pumped
• By pulmonary arteries, from heart to lungs
• By pulmonary veins, back to heart

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Heart (cont.)
Figure 13.7 Chambers of the primitive vertebrate
heart.
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Heart (cont.)
Figure 13.8 The heart tube elongates and bends.
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Fish Heart

• Fish heart- tube like
• 4 chambers
• Sinus venosus
• Atrium
• Ventricle
• Conus arteriosus

Figure 13.9 Four chambered heart.
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Fish Heart (cont.)

• Sinus venosus
• Thin walled venous chamber
• Receives blood from duct of Cuvier, coronary
  veins, hepatic veins
• Atrium
• Large and thin walled
• Dorsal to ventricle

13
Fish Heart (cont.)

• Ventricle
• Dumps into conus artriosus- continuous with aorta
• Chambers separated by valves sino-atrial note,
  sino-ventricular node, semi-lunar valve
• Conus arteriosus
• Short in bony fish and amphibians
• Not found in adult amniotes

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Heart
Figure 13.10 Heart chambers, oxygenated blood
flow (red), and septum modification.
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Lungfish and Amphibian vs Dogfish

• Modifications of partial or complete partition in
  atrium
• Left and right atria
• Advent of lungs
• Double circulation
• Modification in conus arteriosus
• Semi-lunar valve modified to shunt deoxygenated
  blood to lungs (spiral valve)

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Spiral Valve
Figure 13.11 Spiral valve in dipnoans
longitudinal folds of conus lining.
Figure 13.12 Spiral valve in anurans single
flap.
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Amphibian Heart

• Spiral valve directs oxy. blood entering
  ventricle from left atrium
• Conus (truncus) arteriosus also called bulbous
  cordis
• Bulbous arteriosus
• Swelling of ventral aorta
• Smooth muscle

Figure 13.13 Three-chambered frog heart.
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Amphibian Heart (cont.)

• Urodele- partially divided circulation
• Right and left atrium
• Sinus venosus dumps into right atrium
• Pulmonary veins leave left ventricle
• Reptile - fully divided circulation, but
  additional chamber (as in turtle)

Figure 13.14 Turtle heart chambers and
circulation path.
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Reptile Heart

• Cavum venosum (CV)- internal pocket e.g., turtle
• Blood collected from post cava through sinus
  venosus to precava
• To right atrium
• Venous blood to CV
• Cavum pulmonale
• Into pulmonary artery to lungs
• Oxy. blood returns through pulmonary veins in
  left atrium
• Back to CV
• To left and right aortic trunk

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Blood Circulation
Figure 13.15 Single loop fish and double loop
amphibian and mammal circulation.
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Crocodilian Heart

• Mechanism for breathing and diving
• Lungs not utilized
• Blood not pumped to lungs
• Foramen of Panizza
• Valve between aortic trunks to divert blood
• Allows left ventricle to pump to both arches when
  right ventricle closed
• Underwater right ventricle helps pump systemic
  blood

22
Diving

• Semilunar valve in right aorta closed when above
  water
• Semilunar valve forced open when submerged in
  water to divert pulmonary circulation

(b)
(a)
Figure 13.16 Crocodilian blood circulation when
(a) diving and when (b) on the surface.
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Two Aortic Trunks
Figure 13.17 Turtle heart and two aortic trunks
emerging.
Figure 13.18 Crocodilian foramen of Panizza
connects two aortic trunks at base.
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Amniote Heart

• 4 chambered heart
• 2 atria and 2 ventricles
• Birds and mammals
• Sinus venosus- 5th chamber in reptile heart
• Becomes sino-atrial node
• In embryo, right and left atria are not separated
• Foramen ovale
• Fossa ovalis
• Auricle - flap on side of atrium

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Adult Heart
Figure 13.19 Adult heart blood flow.
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Aortic Arches

• Basic pattern has 6 aortic arches
• Major arterial channels
• Ventral aorta
• Dorsal aorta
• 6 pairs of aortic arches connects ventral and
  dorsal aorta
• Reptiles - additional aortic trunk

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Aortic Arches (cont.)
Figure 13.20 Basic pattern of aortic arches and
dorsal aortae.
Figure 13.21 Ventral perspective of aortic
arches.
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Figure 13.22 Left aortic arches.
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Aortic Arches (cont.)

• Teleost
• 1st and 2nd arches lost
• Dorsal aortae become internal carotids
• Lung fish
• Pulmonary artery from 6th arch
• Tetrapods
• Pulmonary artery from 6th arch
• 5th arch lost

Figure 13.23 Aortic arches, internal carotids
(ic) and pulmonary artery.
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Tetrapod Aortic Arches

• 1st and 2nd arches lost
• Dorsal segment dropped between 3rd and 4th arches
• Ductus caroticus

Figure 13.24 Adult aortic arches (book figure
14.19).
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Tetrapod Aortic Arches (cont.)

• 3rd arch extends to internal carotids
• Carotid arch
• Ventral aorta extension
• External carotid
• Common carotid at base between 3rd and 4th

Figure 13.25 Aortic arches, internal carotid
(ic), external carotid (ec) and common carotid
(cc).
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Tetrapod Aortic Arches (cont.)

• 5th arch lost
• Dorsal segment of 6th arch lost
• 4th arch- no anterior connection
• Aortic arch
• 6th arch
• Pulmonary arch
• Ex adult anuran

Figure 13.26 Adult aortic arches.
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Figure 13.27 Modifications of aortic arches and
dorsal aortae into mature vascular system.
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Aortic Arches

• Urodele
• Ductus caroticus
• Ductus arteriosus- dorsal segment of 6th arch
• Reptiles
• 1st and 2nd arches lost
• Ductus caroticus lost
• 5th arch lost
• Ductus arteriosus lost
• Additional aortic arch introduced
• Arch from left side loops right
• Arch from right side loops left

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Mammalian Aortic Arches

• 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th retained embryonically
• Adults- 1st and 2nd dropped
• 3rd carotid arch
• 4th systemic arch
• 5th lost
• Dorsal segment of 6th lost
• Retained embryonically- ductus arteriosus
  (becomes ligamentum arteriosum)

Figure 13.28 Adult aortic arches.
Figure 13.29 Left aortic arches.
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Bird Aortic Arches

• Right portion of aortic arch is retained and left
  is lost (opposite to mammals)
• Birds have right aortic arch
• Mammals have left aortic arch

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Venous System

• Shark renal portal system- drains
• blood from tail before entering post cardinal
• Sinus venosus- where all blood returns
• Duct of Cuvier or Common Cardinal--Cuvier was a
  foremost French comparative anatomist
• 2 ducts of Cuvier (or derivatives) in most
  vertebrates

Figure 13.30 Modifications of basic venous
patterns showing sinus venosus (S).
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Venus System

• Major venous channels
• Cardinals anterior, posterior, common
• Renal portal
• Lateral abdominals
• Vitellines- associated with hepatic portal system
• Coronary veins
• Additional characteristics of higher vertebrates
• Pulmonary
• Posterior vena cava

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Venus System

• Common Cardinals- directs blood to sinus
  venosus
• Anterior Cardinals- receives blood from head
• Post Cardinals- receives blood from kidneys
• Renal Portal- receives blood from caudal vein
• Lateral Abdominals- receives blood from
  abdominal stream to iliac (lateral wall of
  body)
• Hepatic Veins- receives blood from intestine into
  liver

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Modifications to Basic Venous System

• Post cardinal lost in adult anurans
• Post cava- new vessel
• Post cava drains kidneys in turtle
• External iliac vein connects lateral abdominals
  and renal portal system

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Modifications to Basic Venous System

• Most mammals lose renal portal system
• Pre-cava- common cardinals in higher verts
• Internal jugular- anterior cardinal veins
• Anterior vena cava- only right pre-cava retained

42
Modifications to Basic Venous System

• Azygous- vestige of right post cardinal veins
• Hemiazygous- remnant of left post cardinal
• Inferior vena cava- post cava

(a)
(b)
Figure 13.31 Ventral view of anterior venous
channels of cat and human (a) and ventral view of
azygos of rhesus monkey (b).
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Azygos and Hemiazygos
Figure 13.32 Ventral view of venous channels of
rabbit.
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Fetal Circulation
Figure 13.33 Circulation of mammalian fetus.
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Fetal Circulation (cont.)
Figure 13.34 Fetal circulation before birth.
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Fetal Circulation (cont.)
Figure 13.35 Pre birth fetal circulation liver
(I), inferior vena cava (II), rt. atrium (III),
lt. atrium (IV), ductus arteriosus into
descending aorta.
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Fetal Circulation (cont.)

• Oxygenation at placenta
• Umbilical veins supply fetus with oxy. blood
• Vein passes through liver and unites with post
  cava
• From right atrium, oxy. blood goes 2 directions
• To right ventricle
• To left atrium through foramen ovale

Figure 13.36 Foramen ovale in fetal circulation
system.
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Fetal Circulation (cont.)

• In right ventricle, oxy. blood sent to pulmonary
  artery
• Lungs nonfunctional
• Ductus arteriosus diverts blood from lungs

Figure 13.38 Left aortic arches with ductus
arteriosus.
Figure 13.37 Adult aortic arches of mammal.
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Circulation At Birth

• Placenta shuts down
• Umbilical vein collapses- near falciform ligament
• Interatrial aperture closes (fossa ovalis)
• Ductus arteriosus closes (ligamentum arteriosum)
• Deoxygenated blood now enters right ventricle,
  pulmonary arteries, and continues to lungs
• Ductus venosus collapses (ligamentum venosum)

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Figure 13.39 Post birth modifications in fetal
circulation.
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Literature Cited

• Figure 13.1- http//www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/en
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