Post American Revolution

1
Post American Revolution

• 1770s-1780s

2
Problems

• Cities suffered (most fighting there)
• Farms N.E. middle states small losses
• S. Farmers totally ruined
• Houses, barns burned
• Livestock lost
• Esp Carolinas GA (Armies ?)
• Slaves confiscated, sold ? Jamaica
• 30k Carolinas, 30k GA
• Result produce ? thru 80s tobacco, rice ?90s
• Indigo disappears

3
Northern middle states

• Shippers, merchants hit
• Trade wiped out CT, MD
• Ports destroyed or severely damaged
• Fishermen rounded up by Brits 1600 ships, 300
  whalers captured
• Trade w/ WI cut off
• Ruined economy
• Taxpayers rebellion 86-87 W. MA

4
Civil War in MA?

• 1500 indebted farmers
• No relief from states
• Cpt Daniel Shays orgd
• Prevented Cts meeting on foreclosures
• Broke into debtors prisons freed prisoners
• Forced judges not to act b4 grievances aired
• Attacked US arsenal, Springfield
• Gov James Bowdoin sent 4k troops Feb 25, 87
• Was this vindication of the revolution defense
  of liberty against unresponsive gov?
• Was it class warfare? Mob Violence?

5
Importance

• Men of property social position
• Roused unified
• Movement in Congress 1786 to amend Arts of Confed
• Give national gov power to regulate congress
• to create federal court system
• .. To streamline process of getting from states

6
Constitutional Convention

• May 25, 87
• Discussion MD VA over navigation of Potomac
  oystering in Chesapeake Bay
• Met Alexandria, 1785
• PA DE interested
• All states invited to Annapolis, MD Sept 86
• 5 states show up
• Hamilton all states to meet May 87 to amend A of
  C
• Illegal only Congress can

7
Constitutional Convention

• Trickling in by end of May
• Exc NH and RI (dissented)
• 55 delegates
• Oldest B. Franklin
• Youngest NJ rep (26)
• Mostly Rev vets
• Most support strong national gov
• 29 college grads
• (10 pop)
• 50 lawyers
• Most wealthy

8
Shared preconceptions

• Committed to ideas
• Republic republicanism
• Balanced gov, executive, legislative courts
• No elite groups in control
• Personal liberty!

9
VA plan

• Madison worked on changes for months
• Submits plan to VA delegation
• Leader Edward Randolph
• Structure more central power
• Re-organized w/ bicameral legislature
• One population/ one selected by pop house
• Therefore both based on pop
• Also asked for independent executive branch
  courts
• 2 week debate scrap A of C??
• Will states give power to gov?

10
NJ Plan Patterson

• Feels Madisons plan is too radical.
• Just revise A of C
• Give congress power to tax, regulate them with
  Judiciary and executives
• Most favor the Va plan but want modifications
• Key issue representation

11
Sherman Compromise

• Roger Sherman
• Lower house based on Pop
• Upper house based on states equal representation
  here
• Old house becomes Senate
• New house will be House of Reps
• Slavery how do you count slaves?
• Rep will be free population plus 60 of slaves
• South we lost 60K without it there is no hope
  of prosperity
• 20 years importation allowed.
• Ban 1808

12
August Sept

• Details
• Length of term of office
• President, congress
• Tax regulatory powers
• Congress gets power to tax
• 3 branches set as system of checks balances

13
Debating the constitution

• Anti Federalists (against Const)
• Mostly small farmers, settlers on W Frontier
• Leaders George Mason, Pat Henry (VA), J Hancock
  (MA), Geo. Clinton (NY)
• Arguments
• Wd destroy work of Rev,
• Limits democracy
• Restricts state rights
• Strategy
• No protection of individual rights in const
• Gave gov more power than Brits ever had
• Advantages appeal to pop distrust of gov based
  on Colonial experiences
• Disadvantages
• Poorly organized slow to respond to Federalists

• Federalists (pro Const)
• Mostly on coast, lge cities
• Leaders Washington,
• Franklin, Madison, Hamilton
• Arguments need order to preserve union
• Focus on weakness of Articles
• Point out Anti Feds are negative w/o solutions
• Advantages strong leaders
• Well organized
• Disadvantages Gov new untried lacked army, bill
  of rights

14
Federalist Papers

• Series of essays 4 NY paper (1785)
• Written by Madison, Hamilton, John Jay
• Present reasons for believing in each major
  provision of Constitution

15
Ratification

• States hold ratifying conventions
• People evenly split on ratification
• Federalists pro constitution people
• Anti constitution anti-federalists
• NY, VA, NC strongly anti Federalist
• Rat 87 DE, PA, NJ
• 88 GA, CT, MA
• 88 MD, SC, NH
• Feds in MA win by promising written changes Bill
  of Rights
• 9 ratify constitution goes into effect

16
Anti Federalists

• NY, VA, NC
• VA feds win by narrow margin on vote
• Madison, Hamilton arrange rides from VA? NYC as
  soon as ratified
• Vote in NY stalled until VA ratifies
• NY decides no point in NOT ratifying.._ July88
• NC suspicious postpones till Bill of Rights
  added
• RI ratifies 1790
• GW unanimous choice for Pres 1789, J Adams VP
• Cap NYC ? 1789 Phil ? Wash DC 1800

17
How Madison keeps gov from abusing power

• Checks and balances- diff branches w/ diff powers
  veto powers independent

18
How does the Constitution protect Private Property

• Forbid states passing laws imparing obligations
  of contracts
• Coining money
• Issuing paper money
• Taking payment for debt in paper/notes

19
How does it keep sates from assuming too much
power

• Forbade states entering into treaties,
• Levying import/ export duties
• Waging war
• Declaring peace

20
What was the Crisis of American Nationality

• 2 solve problems of US must strengthen National
  Gov
• Must think continentally (Hamilton)
• Common practice 2 call conventions (congresses)
  most on state level
• Nationalism
• 1780s- CT- John Trumbal series of Rev War
  paintings
• Joel Barlow- The Vision of Columbus- epic
• Noah Webster- school books to teach english
• Jedidiah Morse- American Geography books

21
Examples of State loyalty pride

• Jefferson Notes on VA- 1785
• Fears preventing Convention from forming strong
  National Gov
• Of tyranny aristocracy
• Gov w/ special privileges special positions
• Standing Army

22
What drove them to a big interstate convention?

• Sick of trade restrictions
• Conflicting state commercial laws
• National economy helplessness
• Alarmed by sectional conflict over Jays proposed
  treaty
• Proposed 2nd convention 1787 to make a
  constitution of fed government adequate to needs
  of the union

23
Any protection of individual rights in
Constitution?

• Gov cant grant titles of nobility
• Pass bills of attainder
• Or ex post facto laws-
• Trial by Jury in criminal case guaranteed
• No religious tests for qualifications for office/
  voting
• No suspension of writ of Habeas Corpus
• Unless rebellion
• Or extreme danger to public safety

24
Adding a Bill of Rights

• For Anti-Federalists
• Fought war to escape Tyranny of British
• Central Gov
• Under Constitution a strong central gov is
  created
• Need Bill of Rights can prevent it from acting
  tyrannical

• Against Federalists
• Congress elected by the people
• Dont need protection from themselves
• Better to assume all rights are protected than to
  list a few and limit them
• Federalists promise to add a Bill of Rights to
  get Constitution adopted

25
1st 10 amendments

• 1789 1st congress drafted mostly by Madison
• 1Freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly
  petition sep of church state (congress may not
  favor 1 religion over another)
• 2 Right to keep and bear arms in state militia
• 3 cannot require people to house soldiers in
  peace time

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Amendments

• 4 Gov may not carry out unreasonable searches
  seizures of peoples property
• 5 cant deprive people of life, liberty or
  property w/o due process of law
• No defendant can be forced to testify against
  self
• Cannot force anyone to stand trial twice for s/a
  crime (double jeopardy)

27
Amendments

• 6 Right to speedy public trial to call
  question witnesses
• 7 In most civil cases, citizens have right to
  trial by jury
• 8 Accused and convicted protected against
  excessive bail, fines, cruel unusual
  punishments
• 9 Rights not listed also protected against
  government infringement
• 10 All powers not granted to fed gov belong to
  states or people

28
1st session of Congress 1789

• Washington
• Electoral colleges unanimous choice took office
  April 30, 1789
• Chief exec goal to organize new departments of
  exec branch (law enforcing)
• Const. authorizes pres to appoint chiefs of depts
  to be confirmed by Senate

29
1st Cabinet

• Jefferson sec of state
• Hamilton sec treasury
• Henry Knox Sec of war
• Edmund Randolph Attorney General
• Began practice of calling cabinet meetings to
  discuss major policies/issues

30
Fed court system

• Only 1 mentioned in Const Supreme Court
• Congress has power to create other fed courts w/
  lesser powers to determine justices of
  Supreme Court
• Judiciary Act of 1789
• One of first laws
• Estd Supreme Court
• 1 Chief Justice, 5 associate Justices
• Empowered to rule on constitutionality of
  decisions of state courts
• Also sets up system 13 district courts 3
  circuite courts of appeal

31
Hamiltons financial programTo put US finances
on stable foundation

• 1 pay off national debt at face value and have
  federal government assume states war debts
• 2 Protect New industries collect revenues
  through high tariffs on imported goods
• 3 Create national bank for deposit of government
  funds for printing bank notes

32
Hamiltons plan

• For
• Northern merchants
• Gain most from high tariffs stable currency

• Against
• Anti federalists fear loss of state power
• Central gov
• Jefferson benefits of rich at expense of
  indebted farmers

33
Modified form adopted

• 1. Debt in return- Ham agrees to TJs plan put
  capitol in South on Potomac River
• 2. Tariffs excises set lower than Ham wants,
  to raise enough revenue to pay debt
• Congress adds excises- chiefly on whiskey
• 3. Bank Jefferson Const doesnt give Cong power
  to est.
• Ham yes- under necessary proper clause
  authorizes Congress to do whatever is necessary
  to carry out its enumerated powers
• Wash supports Ham
• Bank chartered by Fed Gov 20 yrs privately owned
• Fed Gov major share holder can print use Fed
  deposits to stimulate business (more to lend
  means lower interest rates)

34
1789

• Domestic Concerns
• French Rev begins
• US- French alliance in effect
• Br seize American ships bound for French ports

35
1792

• States surrender claims to western lands
• Congress encourages rapid settlement
• KY becomes state

36
1793

• GWs proclamation of Neutrality
• Jefferson resigns from Cabinet in disgust
• Citizen Genets tour
• Recalled
• Stays becomes American

37
1794

• Mad Anthony Wayne
• Battle of Fallen Timbers
• Treaty of Greenville
• Whiskey Rebellion
• Jay Treaty
• No mention of seizing ships or impressments
• Britain agrees to w/d from western outposts
• Jay sent to England to stop seizing American
  ships inciting indians in NW
• Sweden offers alliance Ham Wash turn it down,
  then Ham tells England
• W info, England gives up little

38
Controversy of Jay Treaty

• England insists US stop neutral shipping to
  France in war 2 yrs after
• Recip trade US Brit OK but
• Limits on trade w/ WI
• OK if US Brit navigate MS
• Brit surrender NW posts IF US allows Fur trade w/
  Inds Br
• Also compensation 4 Amer ships seized
• Dec 93 IF US compensates for pre war debts
• No compensation for captured slaves
• No stopping of seizure of ships/ impressment
• Wash approves, press castigates Jay, Congress GW

39
Indian Wars

• Going badly? 94
• Wayne wins at Battle of Fallen Timbers
• Treaty of Greenville gives US OH
• 96 Brtish agree to leave NW forts

40
1795

• Pinckney Treaty (Spain)
• Opens lower MS River in New Orleans
• To trade right of deposit
• 31st par N. Florida

41
1796

• Public land act for dividing and selling federal
  lands cheaply
• TN becomes a state
• Washingtons Farewell Address

42
A 2 party system

• 1787-88 Federalists vs Anti Federalists
• Origin
• Colonial factions form to vote for/ against
  issue
• When settled, factions dissolve
• Feds, Anti Feds resemble factions
• But organized across state lines
• 1790s parties develop around Hamilton Jefferson

43
New Parties

• Hamilton
• Federalist party
• Financial program
• Neutrality
• John Adams

• Jefferson
• Democratic-Republicans
• For aid to French

44
New Parties

• Democratic Republicans
• Jefferson, Madison
• Strict interp/ strict constructionist
• Pro French
• Small peacetime army, navy
• Favor agriculture
• No National Bank
• Oppose tariffs
• Skilled workers, small farmers, plantation owners

• Federalists
• Leaders J. Adams,
• Hamilton
• On Const
• Loose Interpretation/ constructionist
• 4n Pol
• Pro Brit
• Military Pol
• Large peacetime army, navy
• Domestic Pol
• Aid businesses
• National Bank
• Tariffs
• Chief support
• Northern Businessmen
• Large land owners

45
Washingtons Farewell Address

• Published in papers
• Late 1796
• He will retire at end of 2nd term
• Warns against
• Getting involved in Europes affairs
• Making permanent alliances
• Political Parties
• Sectionalism
• Long range consequences
• 2 term limit no alliances until league of nations

46
John Adams

• 1796-1800
• Beat TJ by 3 electoral votes Jefferson is VP
• XYZ Affair
• Amer ships seized by French, too
• Amer delegation ? France
• Ministers X, Y Z demand bribes/ tribute to meet
  Talleyrand
• millions for defense, not 1 cent for tribute
  war cry
• Hams faction hopes war will yield Fr, Sp lands
  in America
• Adams Avoids war sends new ministers

47
Alien Sedition Act

• Laws passed by Federalists in Congress to limit
  support for democratic republicans
• 1. naturalization Act yrs residency required
  from 5 14 yrs
• 2. Alien Acts Pres can deport suspicious aliens
  detain enemy aliens in wartime
• 3. Sedition Act illegal for newspapers to
  criticize Pres or congress- heavy penalties

48
KY VA Resolutions-

• States nullify A S acts basis states entered
  compact w/ national gov
• If act of gov breaks compact, state can nullify
• Duty to interpose for arresting the progress of
  evil
• Laws allowed to expire by next administration
• Doctrines of interposition nullification used
  later
• Meant only as opening 1800 election campaign

49
1798

• Direct tax on houses, land, slaves
• Hits more people than A S acts
• PA 1799 Fries Rebellion
• John Fries, Dutch auctioneer ? Bethlehem, PA to
  free 2 tax evaders w/ band of men
• Adams responds army regulars, militia
• Found Fries conducting auction no rebellion
• Band arrested, treason, sentenced to hang
• pardoned

50
Election 1800

• Peaceful Revolution
• Dem Republican majority
• Tie in Electoral college
• Jefferson Aaron Burr
• Debate
• Jefferson wins
• 12th amendment