HOW EVERYDAY THINGS ARE MADE

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HOW EVERYDAY THINGS ARE MADE

• ByMahbuba
• HF 702

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About Tires

• Tires are ring-shaped parts, that are either
  pneumatic or solid (which include
• rubber, metals and plastic composites), that fit
  tightly around wheels to protect
• them and enhance their performance and function.
  Pneumatic tires are used
• on many types of vehicles, such as motorcycles,
  bicycles, cars, trucks, and
• aircraft. Tires enable better vehicle performance
  by providing traction,( traction
• is friction allowing movement), braking,
  steering, and load support. Tires form
• an extreme flexible cushion between the vehicle
  and the pavement, which
• smooth out shock and makes for a comfortable
  ride. That is generally what
• tires are.

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Design

• The basic main features of a passenger vehicle
  tire are the tread, the body with complete
  sidewalls, and the beads. The tread is the
  accelerated pattern in direct contact with the
  road. The body of the tire supports the tread and
  gives the tire its own specific shape. The beads
  are rubber-covered, metal-wire bundles that hold
  the tire in its place on the wheel.
• Now computer systems play a pretty major role in
  tire design. Intricate analysis software
  depending on years of test data permit tire
  engineers to simulate the performance of tread
  design and other design parameters. The software
  also creates a three-dimensional color image of a
  possible tire design and it calculates the
  effects of dissimilar stresses on the anticipated
  tire design. Computer simulations save lots of
  money for tire manufacturers because they dont
  need to spend money on test tires and failures.
• As well as the computer creating tests of tread
  design and tire body construction, computers can
  also replicate the effects of different types of
  rubber components and compounds. In a primitive
  passenger car tire, diverse types of rubber may
  be used in different parts of the tire. One
  rubber mixture may be used in the tread for good
  grip on the road in cold weather another
  compound may be used to give increased firmness
  in the tire sidewalls.
• When the tire engineers are completely satisfied
  with computer studies of a new type of tire,
  manufacturing engineers and skilled tire
  assemblers work with the designers to produce
  tire prototypes for testing. After design and
  manufacturing engineers are fully satisfied with
  the fresh tire design, tire factories begin mass
  production of the new tire.

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Materials Extraction And Materials Processing

• Rubber is the genuine main raw material used in
  manufacturing tires, and both natural and
  synthetic rubber are used. Natural rubber is
  found in the bark of the rubber tree, Hevea
  Brasiliensis, as a milky liquid. To produce the
  raw rubber used in tire manufacturing, the liquid
  latex is mixed with varieties of acids that cause
  the rubber to solidify. Hot presses squeeze out
  all excess water and form the rubber into many
  sheets, and then the sheets are dried in very
  tall smokehouses, pressed into enormous bales,
  and they are shipped to tire factories all around
  the globe. Synthetic rubber is produced from the
  polymers that are found in crude oil.
• The other primary ingredient in tires are carbon
  black. Carbon black is a fine, soft powder
  created when crude oil or natural gas is burned
  with a limited quantity of oxygen, causing
  incomplete ignition and creating a large amount
  of well soot. A lot of carbon black is required
  for manufacturing tires that rail cars transport
  and huge silos preserve the carbon black at the
  tire factory until it is needed.
• Other chemicals such as Sulfur are also used in
  tires. When mixed with rubber and then heated,
  certain chemicals, produce specific tire
  distinctiveness such as high friction and but low
  mileage, for a racing tire- a high mileage but
  lower friction. Specific chemicals keep the
  rubber flexible while it is being shaped into a
  tire also while other chemicals protect the
  rubber from the ultraviolet radiation in
  sunshine.

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Manufacturing

• First stage of tire manufacturing is gathering
  all the raw materials and formulating rubber
  compounds. All the materials are then mixed
  together in a huge blender, called Banburys.
  After the mixing process is completed a gum like
  material forms. This material is then cut into
  different strips. These strips will make the
  sidewalls and other portions of the tire.
• The main body of the tire is manufactured using
  fabricated rubber.
• Polyester, nylon and rayon are the fabrics then
  used. But mostly Polyester is used. Another ring
  like component is used to make a tire, which is
  called tire bead. Steel wires of high tensile are
  worked with to make the tire bead.
• Radial tires are created in a cylindrical
  tire-building machines. After the making of the
  tire, it passes through a part assembling
  process. Tires are assembled from the inside out.
  The inner line of the tire is made of exactly two
  layers of synthetic rubber. Then another double
  layer of poly fabric is pasted onto it. Then
  follows two strips of apexes to harden the area.
  Then two chafer strips are pasted. Then automatic
  rollers press all the parts together. It helps
  the parts to bind well. After an inspection the
  tire goes for curing process. In the curing
  process the tire is heated up to all the way
  until 300ºF for 12-25 minutes. It gives the tire
  a proper shape. Then it passes through another
  inspection, which includes an X-ray session. If
  there is any fault, the X-ray session detects it.
  After the inspection the tire is ready to roll.
• That is how tires are manufactured.

6
Packaging And Distributing

• In order for people to be able to use tires they
  need to receive them first. The tires need to
• be packaged and distributed before any use. The
  first step is to get the tires packaged. This
• is done by
• ? The center caps on wheels, are secured with
  tape and other strong substances. A loose cap
• can irreparably damage a wheels finish during
  shipping.
• ? Foam sheets are placed on the face of wheels
  and all cardboard rounds are layered. The
• tires are wrapped tightly with tape a minimum of
  6 times. The tape is crisscrossed.
• ? The bead protectors are slideably inserted
  inside of the bead portions of the tire and are
• retained in position by a plurality of elastic
  tension members.
• ? Addressed shipping label(s) are attached
  clearly and/or UPS call tag(s) are attached to
• each individual package.
• ? An RA is written next to a foresaid label
  and/or UPS call tag on EVERY package.
• ? Once the tires are packaged, they are ready to
  be sent to distribution centers, retail outlets
• or other types of locations. The delivery is done
  with transportation by planes, trucks or
• rail/train.

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USE

• Tires are key to everyday transportation use.
  They provide a cover for
• wheels. A vehicle will not run smoothly without
  tires. Tires are protection to
• wheels. Here are some tips to prolong the life of
  tires
• 1.) Have a wheel alignment on your tires - Proper
  wheel alignment gives you a fine grip. Also it
  will save your money by increasing gas mileage
  and preventing unnecessary punctures and tear on
  your tires, steering system and suspension.
• 2.) Rotate tires periodically- Rotating your
  tires will prolong its life by reducing uneven
  tread wear. Also, it reduces the risk of getting
  into a sudden accident due to spontaneous tire
  failure.
• 3.) Make sure that your tires are not under
  inflated Having proper air pressure provides
  the following benefits
• reduces the risk of getting into an accident
  by providing better handling and control
• reduces uneven tire wear
• reduces fuel consumption and exhaust
  emissions.
• You should purchase the air pressure gauge,
  which cost a smaller amount than 5 at any car
  parts retail store, so you can check the air
  pressure once a month. 
• 4.) Proper wheel balancing Retaining your wheel
  assembly in balance ensures a comfortable ride
  and prolongs the life of your tires and
  suspension.

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END OF LIFE

• The end of life stage during a products life
  cycle is when product is of no
• more use and it is either disposed, recycled or
  reused in an other way. Tires
• are recycled when they are no longer suitable for
  use on the road. Tires are
• one of the most re-used materials because rubber
  is very resilient. There are
• four main types of recycling tires
• Ultrasound recycling
• Tire Pyrolysis
• Microwave Recycling
• Mechano-Chemical Recycling
• Sometimes tire owners do not take the liberty
  of getting their tires recycled
• so they just end up getting the tires landfill
  disposed. The careless stockpiles
• and illegal dumping is harmful in many ways.
  Stockpiles can create fires,
• these fires pollute the air. Scrap tires can be
  become breeding ground for
• mosquitoes carrying diseases. So therefore,
  non-recycled tires can cause a
• health issue.

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IMPACT ON ENVIROMENT

• The following are the impacts on the environment
  that are caused in each of the life stages of a
  tire
• Design- Now a days tire engineers dont have to
  worry about wasting rubber (which is wasting
  trees) or harming
• The environment by making many trial tires before
  their final design, because the computer is their
  to do everything
• for them. But before tire engineers would have to
  make several tires before they good get their
  final design, which
• would impact on the environment by killing trees
  for no agreeable reason.
• Materials Extraction- This process harms the
  environment since objects such as rubber has to
  be created by
• cutting trees getting the milky liquid needed to
  create it. A great percentage of the waste caused
  by tires comes at
• the raw materials phase. Using recycled raw
  materials reduces the need for new raw materials.
• Materials Processing- This process harms the
  environment because when making the milky liquid
  into rubber,
• the transition includes using hot presses that
  create smoke. This smoke pollutes the air.
• Manufacturing- When the tire is getting made
  in the tire manufacturing factories, the tires
  that are getting
• Produced cause gas emission, that drastically
  effect the air. But now the gas emission being
  produced by the tire
• has been exceedingly reduced.
• Packaging and Distribution- This process harms
  the environment because the Styrofoam put into
  the boxes to
• keep the tire in good shape are getting disposed
  on landfills and are ruining them. This can be
  reduced by making
• smaller boxes to lessen the use of Styrofoam.
• Use- The affect of tire use on the environment
  is natural changes that are occurring within our
  climate, and have
• even had an impact on the overall health of many
  individuals.
• End Of Life- This process causes the extreme
  most negative impacts on the environment. The
  disposed tires can

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tires
• http//gestdoc.webmichelin.com/
• http//www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/caer/cea/publicatio
  ns/clipart/gifs/tires1.gif
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire_recycling
• http//www.freepatentsonline.com/EP1322484.html
• http//www.freshpatents.com/Tire-design-method-dt2
  0081211ptan20080302465.php
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire_manufacturingMa
  terials
• http//www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Tire.html
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_rubber
• Golan, Asher (1990). The ATS technology and tires
  processing. Thermo Friction. -BOOK