Nicki Pearce

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Nicki Pearce Kurt Frevert Molly McDonald

India Overview Fall 2006
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Geography

• Area 1,270,000 squ. miles
• Approx the 1/3 the size of the US
• Border 8800 miles total 2100 miles with China
  1800 miles with Pakistan
• Coastline 4350 miles

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Demographics Population

• 2006 (est.)
• Population 1,095,352,000
• 17 of the worlds population (2nd most populous)
• 5 of countys population is within 10 urban
  areas with 2000 persons/squ mi.
• 28 population is urban

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Demographics Population cont.

• 2006 cont.
• Growth 1.38 per year
• Birth Rate 22.01 births/1000
• Death Rate 8.18 deaths/1000
• Migration -.07/1000
• Median age 24.9 years
• Population 1.06 males/female

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History

• Indus Valley civilization is 5000 years old - one
  of the oldest in the world
• Aryan tribes enter in 1500 BC and merge with
  early Dravidian inhabitants to create classic
  Indian culture
• Incursions by other cultures
• Arabian 8th century
• Turkish 12th century
• European 15th century
• Independence in 1947 from UK
• Country split into 3 at independence Pakistan,
  India, and East Pakistan
• 3rd war with Pakistan in 1971 results in East
  Pakistan becoming Bangladesh

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Government Central Government

• Federal Republic with legislative, executive
  judicial branches
• Executive Branch subordinate to the legislature
• President head-of-state, largely ceremonial,
  Commander-in-Chief of armed forces, interprets
  Constitution, signs laws
• Prime Minister elected by majority of
  Parliament, head of government, retains most
  executive powers
• Judicial Branch
• Supreme Court jurisdiction of disputes between
  states and the Central Gov appellate
  jurisdiction over each states High Court and
  subsequent lower courts

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Government Central Government cont.

• Legislative Branch
• Rajya Sabha/Council of States (Upper House) 245
  members chosen through the electoral college
• Lok Sabha/Council of People (Lower House) 552
  members, chosen through direct elections
• All Indian citizens above the age of 18 are
  eligible to vote
• The Indian National Congress Party has controlled
  the national government for most of Indias
  independent history, although opposition parties
  have intermittently controlled the national
  government since 1977 and the 2004 elections
  required the Congress to form a coalition with
  Communist and Progressive parties to secure
  control.

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Government State Governments

• 28 states, 6 territories the National Capital
  Territory of Delhi
• States elect their own governments
• Territories are governed by administrators
  appointed by the union government

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Culture Languages

• 22 official languages
• 33 unofficial languages
• 2000 dialects
• Hindi (180 million speakers) is the national
  language and primary tongue
• English is an associate language but very
  important for national, political and commercial
  communication
• Sanskrit is the classical language ( literature)
  of India

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Culture Religion/Ethnicity

• Religions of the population
• Hindu 80.5
• Muslim 13.4
• Christian 2.3
• Sikh 1.9
• Jain 0.4
• Other 1.5

• Ethnicity of the population
• Indo-Aryan 72
• Dravidian 25
• Mongoloid and other 3

• Significant differences exist within the 80
  Hindu majority, arising not only out of divisions
  of caste, but also out of differing religious
  beliefs. One difference is between the devotees
  of the god Vishnu and the devotees of the god
  Shiva

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Culture The Hindu Caste System

• The caste system is pervasive in India. Although
  it is entwined in Hindu beliefs, it encompasses
  non-Hindus as well. A caste is a social class to
  which a person belongs at birth and which is
  ranked against other castes, typically on a
  continuum of perceived purity and pollution.
  People generally marry within their own caste. In
  rural areas, caste may also govern where people
  live or what occupations they engage in. The
  particular features of the caste system vary
  considerably from community to community and
  across regions.
• Since 1947 the importance of caste has declined
  somewhat in India. Many people have also been
  influenced by the nationalist movements
  ideological commitment to the equality of men and
  women, and lower castes have increasingly used
  the power of their numbers or their right to vote
  to gain social status in their local community.
  However, castes are not disappearing, mainly
  because of the system of marriage. Almost all
  Hindu marriages in India are arranged, and almost
  all arranged marriages occur between people of
  the same caste, thus providing continuity to the
  caste system.

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Culture Education

• India has some of the best Universities in the
  world, but struggles with literacy
• Enrollment (2001-2002)
• Primary (ages 6-11) 113.9 million
• Middle/High (ages 11-18) 44.8 million
• Higher Education (college) 30.5 million
• Higher Education
• Must be accredited by the government and
  indirectly controlled by the government
• Literacy 59.5 defined as 15 years that can
  read and write
• Male 70.2 vs. Female 48.3

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Economics Currency

• Basis of exchange Rupee (INR)
• Formerly used by Pakistan, Qatar, UAE, Malaysia
  as basis of currency
• Most often distributed as 100 500 Rupee
  denominations from ATMs
• Current exchange rate 1 USD 44.42 INR
  (12/8/06)
• Pegged by the Bhutanese ngultrum
• Accepted in Nepal, near India Nepal border

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Economics National metrics

• GDP 3.6 trillion using purchase power
  parity-PPP 785.5 billion measured in USD
  exchange rate (2005)
• 4th largest in the world when measured using PPP
  12th in the world when measured in USD exchange
  rate
• PPP a method of equalizing currencies for
  comparison by comparing a given basket of good
  within each country
• GDP growth 7.6 (2005) among the fastest in
  the world
• GDP per capita 3300 using PPP (2005)
• 122nd in the world
• GDP composition by sector
• Agricultural 18.6
• Industry 27.6
• Services 53.8

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Economics Workforce

• Labor force 496.4 million
• Labor by occupation and percentage of population
• Agricultural 60
• Industry 17
• Services 23 (accounts for over 50 of Indias
  total output)
• Unemployment rate 8.9

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Economics Liberalization

• Economic liberalization
• Pre-1991 India focused on self-sufficiency
  government control. Allowed trade was primarily
  with Soviet Union eastern block. Foreign
  countries were viewed as economic threats, not
  opportunities.
• Liberalization occurred in 1991, catalyzed by the
  collapse of the Soviet Union and the economic
  shocks resulting from the Gulf War. Results
  include a reduction of government influence,
  privatization of many government enterprises,
  relaxing of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
  restrictions, incentives for Trade (import of
  foreign goods) and revision of labor laws.
• Recent activity (2005) High tariffs (20 on
  non-Agricultural) and FDI limits remain in place.
  Liberalization of civil aviation, telecom and
  construction sectors continue. Privatization of
  government-owned industry slowed/halted.

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Economics Infrastructure

• 1.5 million miles of paved roads (US2.6 million)
• 39,300 miles of railroad, one of the most
  extensive in the world (US-140,035)
• 3550 miles of navigable waterways/canals
  (US-12,000)
• 243 airports with paved runways (US5200)
• Pipelines
• Oil 4040 miles (US-152,000)
• Gas 3221 miles (US-341,000)

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Economics Resources

• 4th largest reserve of coal in world, natural
  gas, petroleum
• Iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium ore,
  chromite, natural gas

• Diamonds, limestone
• Forests oak, pine, teak

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Economics Industry

• Agriculture
• Ranks 2nd worldwide in farm output
• Gross land use 49 arable, 3 permanent crops,
  216,000 squ miles irrigated land
• In the Gangetic Plain and in the peninsular
  deltas, groundwater is plentiful and close to the
  surface, making year-round irrigation possible.
  These regions may produce two or three harvests a
  year.

• Industry manufacturing, mining and construction
• Ranks 14th worldwide in factory output
• Information Technology
• A large quantity well-educated, English speaking
  people result in India as a major exporter of
  software services and software

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Economics Population Wealth

• Household income by percentage share of wealth
• Lowest 10 of population with 3.5 of national
  spending/consumption
• Highest 10 of population with 35 of national
  spending/consumption
• 25 of population is below the poverty line
• Inflation rate 4.5

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Economics Imports/Exports

• Exports
• Total Exports 76.3 f.o.b. billion
• Textiles
• Gems/Jewelry
• Engineering goods
• Leather products
• Export Partners
• US 16.7
• UAE 8.5
• China 6.6
• Singapore 5.3
• UK 4.9

• Imports
• Total Imports 113.1 f.o.b. billion
• Electricity 1.4 billion kWh from Nepal Bhutan
  (from hydropower)
• Oil 2.09 million bbl/day
• Other machinery, gems, fertilizer, chemicals
• Import Partners
• China 7.3
• US 5.6
• Switzerland 4.7

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Economics Technology Metrics

• Telephone
• Land line users 49.75 million users (2005)
• Cell phone users 69.2 million (2006)
• Radio
• 253 broadcast stations (1998)
• 116 million radios (1997)
• Television
• 562 broadcast stations (1997)
• 63 million televisions (1997)
• Internet
• 43 Internet providers (2000)
• 60 million internet users (2005)

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Cities New Delhi, Mumbai (Bombay) Bangalore
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Cities India for Visitors

• Local Currency Rupee
• Time Zone GMT 5hr 30min
• Electricity 220 volt, 50 hz
• Climate (January only)
• New Delhi 45 - 70 deg F daily, heavy fog
• Mumbai 55 83 deg F daily
• Bangalore 55 - 77 def F daily
• Little rain during January
• Business Hours Public private offices 930am
  530pm M-F

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Cities New Delhi
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Cities New Delhi

• Location Within the capital Territory of Delhi.
  Geographics 16.5 squ miles (Delhi 900 squ
  miles)
• Capital of the Republic of India and the seat of
  the Government of India
• Population 320,000 (Delhi13.8 million)
• Government Municipal Council of 11 members
• Includes 1 Chairperson, 3 members of New Delhi
  Legislative Assembly, 2 members nominated by the
  Chief Minister of New Delhi and 5 members
  nominated by the central government

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Cities New Delhi

• History Delhi has been the historic capital of
  much of the sub-continent. The British moved the
  capital to Delhi, from Calcutta, in 1911.
• Economics (of the Delhi)
• A large scale English speaking work force and
  high literacy (81.7) attract multinational
  companies
• A large consumer market and readily available
  skilled labor force
• As the Federal capital, the government employs
  212,000 federal workers
• Manufacturing employs 731,000 workers
• Other industries important to Delhi tourism,
  construction, banking, telecommunications,
  defense
• Delhi is projected to be the 3rd largest
  metro-area in the world by 2025, trailing Tokyo
  and Mumbai

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Cities New Delhi

• Parliament House

Rashtrapati Bhawan
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Cities New Delhi
Red Fort
Humanyun Tomb
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Cities Mumbai (Bombay)
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Cities Mumbai (Bombay)

• Renamed Mumbai in 1995
• Location Central-western coast of India
• Geographics 170 squ miles, multiple lakes and
  rivers within metro area
• State capital of Maharashtra
• Population 13 million, the most populous city in
  India and the 6th largest in the world
• Government Municipal Council (corporation) of
  277 direct elect Councilors representing 24 wards
• History
• Area was governed by different Buddhist and Hindu
  rulers until 15th century, by the Portuguese in
  the 16th century and finally the British in the
  17th century
• The American Civil War resulted in Mumbai
  (Bombay) becoming the worlds chief cotton
  trading market (foundation for textile industry).
  The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869
  transformed it into a large seaport.

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Cities Mumbai (Bombay)

• Economics
• Commercial capital of India
• Home of Reserve Bank of India, Bombay Stock
  Exchange, the National Stock Exchange of India
  and many corporate headquarters
• Entertainment capital of India Bollywood
• Deep natural harbor with a port that handles half
  of Indias passenger traffic and significant
  cargo
• Contributes 10 of all factory employment in
  India, 40 of all income tax collection in India,
  60 of all custom duties in India and 40 of all
  Indias foreign trade.
• Pre-1980s prosperity was due to textile mills and
  the sea port
• Post-1980s properity is due to engineering,
  healthcare, information technology, etc

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Cities Mumbai (Bombay)

• Gateway of India

Marine Drive
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Cities Mumbai (Bombay)
SiddhiVinayak Temple
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Cities Bangalore (Bengaluru)
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Cities Bangalore (Bengaluru)

• Renamed Bengaluru in December 2005
• Location South-central India
• Geographics 183 squ miles
• State capital of Karnataka
• Population 6.2 million
• Government Municipal Council (corporation) of
  100 direct elect Councilors representing 100
  wards
• History
• Many different ethic rulers until the British in
  1799. British rule through 1947 integrated
  technology into Bangalore such as telegraphs
  (1846), rail connections (1846), telephone lines
  (1898) and hydro-electic power (1906 the 1st
  city in India to use hydro power)
• Became a manufacturing base following
  independence (1947) and experienced a software
  boom in 1990s.

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Cities Bangalore (Bengaluru)

• Economics
• Indias 4th largest and fastest growing market
• Evolved as a manufacturing hub for public sector
  heavy industries (defense, aero-space) during
  post-Indian independence
• Accounts for 35 of Indias software exports
• Included Software Technology Park of India,
  Bengaluru Intl Technology Park Electronic City
• Daily Life
• Rapid growth has resulted in traffic congestion
  and infrastructure obsolescence

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Cities Bangalore (Bengaluru)
Bull Temple
Glass House
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Cities Bangalore (Bengaluru)
Utilities Building
Bangalore High Court
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Additional information about India on the Web

• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India (A good source for
  any depth of information. Look for See also
  links at the bottom of the page. Search for
  cities from this site for city specific
  information)
• www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/in.html
  
• Current information timesofindia.indiatimes.com/?
  
• Mapswww.mapsofindia.com/
• Indian Embassy www.indianembassy.org/newsite/defa
  ult.asp
• Tourism www.tourindia.com/htm/homepage.htm