Respiratory System

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Respiratory System
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Internal Respiration

• Internal respiration is the process by which the
  gases in the air that has already been drawn into
  the lungs by external respiration are exchanged
  with gases in the blood/tissues so that carbon
  dioxide (CO2) is removed from the blood and
  replaced with oxygen (O2).

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External Respiration

• External respiration concerns the process by
  which external air is drawn into the body in
  order to supply the body with oxygen gas, and the
  (used) air is expelled from the lungs in order to
  remove carbon dioxide from to body

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Cellular Respiration

• Internal respiration is important to cells
  because without oxygen, all body functions would
  cease due to a lack of ATP

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Main Function

• Gas Exchange
• To work closely with the cardiovascular system to
  supply the body with oxygen and to dispose of
  carbon dioxide

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Organs Include

• 1. Nose
• 2. Pharynx
• 3. Larynx
• 4. Trachea
• 5. Bronchi
• And their smaller branches
• 6. Lungs
• Containing alveoli (terminal sacs)

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The Nose

• Externally visible
• Nostrils External Nares
• Internally Nasal Cavity
• Divided by nasal septum
• Olfactory receptors in the superior cavity in the
  mucosa

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Function of Nose

• Mucosa lining rests on thin walled veins that
  warm the air
• Mucous produced by the mucosa, moistens the air
  and traps bacteria and other particulates

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Pharynx

• 13cm muscular passageway (Throat)
• Food and air passage
• Nasopharynx- Superior
• Oropharynx- central
• Laryngopharynx- Inferior

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Pharynx

• Tonsils are located in the pharynx
• Pharangeal or Adenoids (superior)
• Palatine (oropharynx)
• Lingual (base of tongue)

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Epiglottis

• epiglottis guards the entrance of the glottis
• normally pointed upward during breathing with its
  underside functioning as part of the pharynx
• during swallowing elevation of the hyoid bone
  draws the larynx upward and prevents food from
  going into the trachea instead directs it to the
  esophagus

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Larynx

• AKA Voice box, routes air, role in speech
• Inferior to pharynx
• Eight rigid hyaline cartilage
• Largest is Thyroid cartilage (Adams Apple)
• Protrusion angel 90 in males and 120 in females
• Cartilage flap Epiglottis protects opening

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Larynx

• Mucous Membrane forms Vocal folds (vocal cords)
• allow us to speak
• Glottis - Slit-like passageway between the vocal
  folds

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Trachea

• Windpipe
• Goes to the 5th Thoracic Vertebrae
• Reinforced with C-shaped cartilage rings to keep
  it open anteriorly and allow flexibility for food
  to pass through the esophagus posteriorly

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Main Bronchi

• Division of the trachea
• Runs obliquely
• Ends at the hilus (medial depression of the lung)
• The right is wider and shorter and more often the
  site of inhaled objects

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Bronchioles

• Primary bronchi subdivide into smaller branches
• Bronchial Tree
• Secondary Bronchi
• Tertiary Bronchi
• Then Bronchioles

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Alveoli

• Small cavity or air sac
• Millions of clustered alveoli look like bunches
  of grapes
• Site of gas exchange
• Make up a bulk of the lungs
• Also stroma which is elastic

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Diaphragm

• sheet of internal muscle that extends across the
  bottom of the rib cage
• The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity
  (heart, lungs ribs) from the abdominal cavity
  and performs an important function in
  respiration.

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Diaphragm

• Inspiration During inhalation, the diaphragm
  contracts, thus enlarging the thoracic cavity
  (the external intercostal muscles also
  participate in this enlargement). This reduces
  intra-thoracic pressure In other words,
  enlarging the cavity creates suction that draws
  air into the lungs

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Diaphragm

• Expiration When the diaphragm relaxes, air is
  exhaled by elastic recoil of the lung and the
  tissues lining the thoracic cavity in conjunction
  with the abdominal muscles

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Gas Exchange

• Diffusion, the spontaneous movement of gases,
  without the use of any energy or effort by the
  body, happens between the gas in the alveoli and
  the blood in the capillaries in the lungs.

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CO2 and O2

• The hemoglobin molecule is the primary
  transporter of oxygen
• Oxygen from the air enters the blood, and carbon
  dioxide from the body trades places with the
  oxygen by leaving the blood and entering the
  alveoli.
• Carbon dioxide is then exhaled out of the lungs.
• Oxygen must enter the blood and carbon dioxide
  must leave the blood at a regular rate for our
  body to function correctly.

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Pulmonary Circulation

• The Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the
  cardiovascular system which transports
  oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the
  lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the
  heart.

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Systemic Circulation

• Systemic circulation is the portion of the
  cardiovascular system which transports oxygenated
  blood away from the heart, to the rest of the
  body, and returns oxygen-depleted blood back to
  the heart.
• Carbon Dioxide is picked up along the way and is
  also carried back to the heart to be exhaled
  through the lungs.

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Bone Structures

• Conchae- Increase surface area of mucosa and
  create turbulance
• Palate- Separates from oral cavity
• Hard palate (bone ) is anterior
• Soft palate(tissue) is posterior

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Cleft Palate

• Genetic Defect
• Bones do not fuse medially
• Causes Problems
• Breathing
• Chewing
• Speaking

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Paranasal Sinuses

• Surround the nasal cavity
• Located in Bones
• Frontal
• Sphenoid
• Ethmoid
• Maxillary

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Function of Sinuses

• Lighten the skull
• Resonance for speech
• Produce mucous
• Nasolacrimal ducts
• Drain tears from eyes

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Rhinitis, Sinusitis, Sinus Headache

• Inflammation of the nasal mucosa
• Virus
• Allergens
• Mucosa is continuous so that these infections
  often spread

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Lungs

• Occupy entire thoracic cavity (except mediastinum
  where the heart is)
• Narrow superior portion (apex) is deep to
  clavicle
• Broad base rests on the diaphragm
• Left lung 2 lobes
• Right lung 3 lobes

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Lungs

• Surface covering is visceral serosa called
  Pulmonary Pleura
• Walls of the cavity are covered with parietal
  pleura
• Pleural fluid reduces friction during breathing
  movements

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Pleurisy

• Inflammation of the pleura due to decreased
  secretion of pleural fluid
• Pain with each breath
• Excess fluid may hinder breathing

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Respiratory Membrane

• Thin squamous epithelial cells
• Alveolar pores connect sacs
• External surfaces have a cobweb of capillaries
• Respiratory Membrane is the Air / Blood barrier

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Airway Obstruction

• Heimlich Maneuver
• Physical Procedure where someone assists in
  dislodging a blockage
• Tracheostomy
• Surgical Procedure cuts a new opening