The Rise of Islam

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The Rise of Islam

• Chapter 10, Section 1

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Deserts, Towns, and Trade Routes

• The Arabian Peninsula
• A crossroads of three continents Africa, Asia,
  Europe.
• Mostly desert with a small amount of fertile land

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Deserts, Towns, and Trade Routes

• Desert and Town Life
• Bedouins, Arab nomads, thrive in the desert.
• Bedouins live in clans, which give support to
  members.
• Some Arabs settle near oases or market towns.

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Deserts, Towns, and Trade Routes

• Crossroads of Trade and Ideas
• Many sea and land trade routes pass through
  Arabia.
• Trade extends to the Byzantine and Sassanid
  empires to the north.

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Deserts, Towns, and Trade Routes

• Mecca
• Pilgrims come to Mecca to worship at the Kaaba,
  and ancient shrine.
• Arabs associate shrine with Hebrew prophet
  Abraham and monotheism.
• Some tribes worship many gods and spirits, and
  bring idols to Kaaba.
• Some Arabs believe in one GodAllah in Arabic

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The Prophet Muhammad

• Early Life
• Around A.D. 570 Muhammad is born into a powerful
  Meccan clan.
• He becomes a trader, and marries a wealthy
  businesswoman, Khadijah.

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The Prophet Muhammad

• Revelations
• By age 40, Muhammad spends much time in prayer
  and meditation
• He claims to hear the angel Gabriel tell him he
  is a messenger of Allah.
• Muhammad found the religion of Islammeaning
  submission to the will of Allah
• Many join him and become Muslimmeaning one who
  has submitted.

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The Prophet Muhammad

• The Hijrah
• Muhammads followers are attacked together they
  leave Mecca in 622.
• Hijrah was the Muslim migration from Mecca to
  Yathrib (renamed Medina).

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The Prophet Muhammad

• The Hijrah (continued)
• Muhammad attracts many more followers and becomes
  a great leader.
• Political leaderjoins Jews and Arabs of Medina
  in a single community.
• Religious leaderdraws more converts to Islam.
• Military leadertackles growing hostilities
  between Mecca and Medina

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The Prophet Muhammad

• Returning to Mecca
• In 630, Muhammad and 10,000 followers return to
  Mecca
• Meccan leaders surrender.
• Muhammad destroys idols in the Kaaba.
• Meccans convert to Islam.
• Muhammad unifies Arabian Peninsula.

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The Beliefs and Practices of Islam

• Islam
• The main teaching of Islam is that there is only
  one god, Allah.
• People are responsible for their own actions
  there is good and evil.
• Islamic monument in JerusalemDome of the Rock.
• It is the oldest existing Islamic building in the
  world.
• Muslims believe Muhammad rose to heaven here to
  learn Allahs will.
• Jews believe Abraham was prepared to sacrifice
  son Isaac at that same site.

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The Dome of the Rock on the Temple Mount in
Jerusalem.
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Exterior detail of the Dome of the Rock
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Dome of the Rock viewed through the Old Citys
Cotton Gate.
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Panoramic view of Jerusalem with the Dome of the
Rock visible.
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ISLAM
Fasting during Ramadan
Confession of Faith There is only one God and
Muhammad is his prophet
Performing the Hajj (pilgrimage) once in you life
Prayer (5 x Day)
Alms to Poor
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The Beliefs and Practices of Islam

• The Five Pillars Muslims must carry out these
  five duties.
• Statement of Faith to Allah and to Muhammad as
  his prophet.
• Prayer five times a day. Muslims may use the
  mosque for this (an Islamic house of worship).
• Giving alms, or money for the poor.
• Fasting between dawn and sunset during the holy
  month of Ramadan.
• Performing the hajjpilgrimage to Meccaat least
  once in a lifetime.

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The Beliefs and Practices of Islam

• A Way of Life
• Customs and traditions of Islam guide Muslims
  lives.
• A scholar class, ulama, are teachers who apply
  religion to life. There are no priests.

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The Beliefs and Practices of Islam

• Sources of Authority
• Original source of authority for Muslims is
  Allah.
• Quran (Koran)holy book, contains revelations
  Muhammad claims to have received from Allah.
• Muslims follow SunnaMuhammads example for
  proper living.
• Guidance of the Quran and Sunna are assembled in
  a body of law called sharia.

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The first verses of the first Sura Al-Fatiha
(meaning The Opener) from the Quran done in
beautiful calligraphy and geometric art.
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Beautifully decorated Quran cover.
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Interlinear edition of the Quran with a Persian
translation underneath.
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The Beliefs and Practices of Islam

• Links to Judaism and Christianity
• Muslims believe Allah is the same God worshiped
  by Christians and Jews.
• Muslims believe the Quran, Gospels, and Torah
  contain Gods will as revealed through others.
• Muslims, Christians, and Jews trace their roots
  to Abraham.
• All three religions believe in heaven, hell, and
  a day of judgment.
• Sharia law requires Muslim leaders to extend
  religious tolerance.

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10.2 Islam Expands

• In spite of internal conflicts, the Muslims
  create a huge empire that includes land on three
  continents.

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Muhammads Successors Spread Islam

• A New Leader
• In 632 Muhammad dies Muslims elect Abu-Bakr to
  be the first caliph.
• Caliphtitle for a Muslim leadermeans
  successor or deputy.

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Muhammads Successors Spread Islam

• Rightly Guided Caliphs
• The first four caliphs are guided by the Quran
  and Muhammads actions.
• Jihadan armed struggle against unbelieversis
  used to expand Islam.
• Muslims control all of Arabia, and armies conquer
  Syria and lower Egypt.
• By 750, the Muslim empire stretches from the
  Altantic Ocean to the Indus River.

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Muhammads Successors Spread Islam

• Reasons for Success
• Muslim armies are well disciplined and expertly
  commanded.
• Byzantine and Sassanid empires are weak from
  previous conflict.
• Persecuted citizens of these empires welcome
  Islam.
• People are attracted to Islams offer of equality
  and hope.

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Muhammads Successors Spread Islam

• Treatment of Conquered Peoples
• Muslim invaders tolerate other religions.
• Christians and Jews receive special consideration
  as people of the book.

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From 632 to 750, highly mobile troops mounted on
camels were successful in conquering lands in the
name of Allah.
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Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis

• Rise of the Umayyads
• Struggles for power end the elective system of
  choosing a caliph
• A wealthy family, the Umayyads, take power and
  move the capital to Damascus.

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Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis

• SunniShia Split
• Shia party of Alibelieve the caliph should
  be a descendant of Muhammad.
• Sunnifollowers of Muhammads examplesupported
  the Umayyads.
• Sufi followers pursue life of poverty and
  spirituality. They reject the Umayyads.
• In 750, a rebel groupthe Abbasidstopple the
  Umayyads.

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Control Extends Over Three-Continents

• Fall of the Umayyads
• Abbasids murder Umayyad family one prince
  escapes, Abd al-Rahman
• He flees to Spain and establishes the Umayyad
  caliphate in al-Andalus.
• al-Andalus is a Muslim state in southern Spain
  settled by North Africans.

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Control Extends Over Three-Continents

• Abbasids Consolidate Power
• In 762, Abbasids move Muslim capital from
  Damascus to Bagdad.
• Location provides access to trade goods, gold,
  and information.
• Abbasids develop a strong bureaucracy to manage
  empire.

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Control Extends Over Three-Continents

• Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands
• Independent Muslim states spring up Shia
  Muslims form new caliphate
• Fatimid caliphateclaim descent from Fatima,
  daughter of Muhammad.
• The Fatimid caliphate begins in North Africa and
  spreads to the Red Sea, western Arabia, and Syria.

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Control Extends Over Three-Continents

• Muslim Trade Network
• Muslims trade by land and sea with Asia and
  Europe
• Muslim merchants use Arabic, single currency, and
  checks.
• Cordoba, in al-Andalus, is a dazzling center of
  Muslim cutlure.

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FOUR SOCIAL CLASSES

• UPPER CLASS Muslims at birth
• SECOND CLASS converts to Islam.
• THIRD CLASS Protected people (Christians,
  Jews, and Zoroastrians)
• LOWEST CLASS slaves.

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ROLE OF WOMEN

• Righteous women are therefore obedient
• Muslim women had more economic and property
  rights than European, Indian, and Chinese women
  of the same period.
• Early days of Islam Women could participate in
  public life and education
• Over time, Muslim women would be forced to live
  increasingly isolated lives.

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The Astrolabe
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Armillary Sphere
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HOUSE OF WISDOM
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