BIOMES

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BIOMES
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INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

1. Describe how plants determine the name of a
   biome.
2. Explain how temperature and precipitation
   determine which plants grow in an area.
3. Explain how latitude and altitude affect which
   plants grow in an area.
4. Describe the characteristics of the worlds ten
   biomes.
5. Name and describe plant and animal adaptations
   unique to each biome.
6. Describe threats to each biome.
7. Name two threats to the forest biomes.

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VOCABULARY

• 1. Biome 2. Climate 3. Latitude 4.
  Altitude
• 5. Polar ice 6. Tropical rain forest 7.
  Taiga
• 8. Temperate forest 9. Tropical savanna
• 10. Temperate grassland 11. Chaparral
• 12. Desert 13. Tundra 14. Mountains
• 15. Emergent layer 16. Canopy 17. Epiphyte
• 18. understory 19. Temperate rain forest
• 20. permafrost 21. Temperate deciduous
  forest
• 22. deforestation 23. slash and burn
• 24. Debt-for-nature swap 25. Ecotourism

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WHAT DEFINES A BIOME?

• Biomes are large groupings of ecosystems.
• Biomes are characterized by
• 1. type of climate
• 2. type of plants
• 3. type of animals
• 4. many individual ecosystems.

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TWO MAJOR TYPES OF BIOMES

• Terrestrial (continental)
• Aquatic (fresh and salt water)
• In this unit we will study terrestrial biomes.

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PLANTS MAKE A DIFFERENCE

• Which plants grow in a biome determine which
  animals have adapted to use those plants.
• Plant adaptations include
• 1. size tundra, desert, rainforest
• 2. shape small leaves, large leaves, water
  storage ability
• 3. color green, brown, bright, dull

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CLIMATE

• Climate includes
• 1. temperature
• 2. precipitation
• 3. humidity
• 4. winds
• Temperature and precipitation are the most
  important.

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HOW DOES LATITUDE AND ALTITUDE AFFECT A BIOME?

• Latitude is the distance north or south of the
  equator and is measured in degrees.
• Altitude is the height of an object above sea
  level.
• Climate varies with latitude and altitude.
  Climate get colder as latitude and altitude
  increase and the opposite as they decreas.

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ALTITUDE VS LATITUDE

• ALTITUDE Low to high
• Tropical- temperate-taiga-tundra-mountains
• LATITUDE Equator to polar
• Tropical- temperate- taiga-tundra-polar

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TYPES OF BIOMES

• As classified by latitude.
• Arctic or subarctic - tundra
• Subarctic or boreal - taiga
• Temperate cold broadleaf and coniferous
• Temperate warm or sub-tropical moist broadleaf
  and warm coniferous
• Tropical moist broadleaf
• Note that desert areas are not included in this
  classification.

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BIOMES BY TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL

1. Polar ice
2. Tundra
3. Taiga
4. Temperate forest
5. Temperate grassland
6. Mountains
7. Chaparral
8. Desert
9. Tropical savanna
10. Tropical rainforest

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TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS

1. All are located near the equator
2. All help regulate world climate
3. All play vital roles in nitrogen, oxygen, and
   carbon cycles
4. All are warm, humid, wet, and get sunlight year
   round.
5. Rainfall can be 200 450 cm per year
6. All have ideal climate for wide variety of
   organisms.
7. 2.5 acres of tropical rain forest can contain
   more than 250 species, whereas in a temperate
   forest may contain several species.

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RAIN FOREST CHARACTERISTICS

• Nutrient poor soil, rapid decay causes most
  nutrients to be in plants.
• Trees form buttress roots (above ground roots)
  used for extra support in thin soil.
• Forest Layers
• a. emergent layer
• b. canopy
• c. understory

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UNIQUE SPECIES IN A RAIN FOREST

1. Epiphytes orchids
2. Sloth
3. Poison dart frogs
4. Parrots, spoonbills, macaws
5. Coatimundi- raccoon
6. Cappibarra rodent
7. anaconda

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RAINFOREST THREATS

• Land clearing
• a. slash and burn farming
• b. oil exploration
• c. mineral exploration gold, gems, coal
• 2. Skins and feathers
• 3. Pet trade
• 4. Exotic woods

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TEMPERATE RAIN FORESTS

1. Are found in North America, Australia, and New
   Zealand.
2. Heavy precipitation (200 350cm/ yr), high
   humidity, moderate temperatures (influenced by
   the closeness of the ocean)
3. Big coniferous trees Douglas fir, Western red
   cedar, Mountain hemlock.
4. Mosses, lichens, epiphytes, fungi
5. Animals include large mammals and lots of snails
   and slugs.
6. More nutrients in the soil due to cooler
   temperatures slowing decomposition.

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THREATS

1. Logging
2. Silting of water sources from logging.

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TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FORESTS

1. Deciduous loses leaves each year.
2. Once covered large parts of North America,
   Europe, and Asia
3. Located between 300 and 500 north latitude.
4. Growing season 4 6 months
5. Weather can be extreme 00 to 350 C.
6. 75 125 cm of rain each year
7. Commonly have deep rich soils
8. Plants grow in stories, but more light reaches
   the ground. Tall trees, shrubs, bushes, ferns,
   herbs, and mosses
9. All plants adapt to seasonal changes.
10. Animals many migrate to avoid winter, others
    adapt to winter.

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ADAPTATIONS

1. Plants adapt to survive the winter bulbs,
   seeds, rhizomes.
2. Animals migrate to warmer climates or put on fat
   to survive the winter and find areas where food
   can be found.
3. Activity reduction to require less food.

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TAIGA

1. Northern coniferous forest that is just below the
   arctic circle.
2. Winters are 6 10 months
3. Average temperature 200 C
4. Forest floor is dark with little vegetation
5. Plants conifer trees w/ narrow shaped, waxed
   leaves that do not lose water
6. Acidic soil

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THREATS

1. Oil exploration
2. Commercial hunting

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GRASSLANDS

1. Found in areas with less rain fall than forests.
2. Less rainfall means less diversity
3. Numbers of individuals of a specific species may
   be very large
4. Two types tropical and temperate grasslands.

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TROPICAL GRASSLANDS

1. Commonly called SAVANNAS.
2. Most have wet and dry seasons
3. Most growth and reproduction take place during
   wet season
4. Dry season usually includes fires that return
   nutrients to the soil
5. Usually found in tropical and subtropical areas
   near the equatior

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Savanna plants

1. Large horizontal roots systems
2. Vertical leaves or lose leaves
3. Adapted for rapid water absorption and retention
   during wet season
4. Adapted for rapid growth after fires.
5. Many have sharp thorns to ward off herbivores

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Savannah animals

• Typically many individuals of one species
• elephants, antelope, giraffes, kangaroos,
  capybaras, tapirs, (herbivores).
• 2. Various types of carnivores that feed on the
  herbivores usually types that hunt in groups.
• 3. Many insects and animals that feed on insects.

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TEMPERATE GRASSLANDS

1. A biome dominated by grasses.
2. Hot summers and cold winters
3. 50 88 cm of rain per year
4. Most fertile soil of any biome
5. Most have been replaced with farms
6. Found in the interior of continents
7. Normally have mountains surrounding them

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GRASSLAND GRASSES

• Rain determines type of grass
• a. Short grass prairie 25 cm of rain
• b. Mixed grass prairie 50 cm of rain
• c. Tall grass prairie 88 cm of rain
• 2. Wild flowers are abundant in grasslands

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GRASSLAND ANIMALS

1. Antelope, bison (animals with large back teeth
   for chewing tough grasses)
2. Burrowing animals prairie dogs, badgers, owls

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THREATS TO GRASSLANDS

1. Farming
2. Overgrazing

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CHAPPARAL

1. A type of temperate woodland biome
2. Dominated by broad-leafed evergreen shrubs.
3. Located in the mid-latitudes about 300 north and
   south of the equator.
4. Found mostly in coastal areas with a
   Mediterranean climate
5. Warm dry summers, mild wet winters.

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CHAPARRAL PLANTS

• Low lying evergreen shrubs and trees that tend to
  grow in patches.
• Chamise, manzanita, scrub oak, olive trees, herbs
  (sage, bay)
• Trees have small leathery leaves that retain
  water and produce oil helps in fires that keep
  out taller trees.

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ANIMALS OF THE CHAPARRAL

1. Camouflage,