Unit Three

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• Unit Three
• Other Word-Formation

Lectured by zhongmin
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Other Word-Formation

• I.Abbreviation or Shortening
• II.Back-Formation
• III.Onomatopoeia

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• 1.Clipping
• 1) Definition
• Clipping is to shorten a long word by
  cutting a part off the original and use what has
  remained as a word.
• 2) Types of Clipping
• (1) Back clipping "ad" from advertisement
  (P.71)
• (2) Front clipping "phone" from telephone
  (P.71-72)
• (3)Front and back clipping "flu" from
  influenza (P.72)
• (4) Some syllable clipping pacifist from
  pacificist (P.72)
• (5)Phrase clipping "pub" from public house
• cant
  from cannot
• 
  daily from daily newspaper (P.73)

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3)The Characteristics of a Clipping Word

• It has the same meaning of the original word.
• dorm?dormitory lab?laboratory
• Note A few one has its new meaning. For
  example
• Miss(??,????????????????????????)?Mistress(??,
  ???, ???, ??)
• It exists with the original word.
• e.g. pop music?popular music
• It is often used in oral English or in an
  informal situation while the original word is
  used in a formal situation.
• It sometimes changes its spelling.
• e.g. bike ?bicycle, mike ?microphone
• 4) Exercises
  

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• 2. Initialism(P.74-76)
• 1) Definition
• Initialism originally referred to
  abbreviations
• formed from initials, without reference to
• Pronunciation. Initialisms are words pronounced
• letter by letter
• e.g. PRC?People's Republic of China
• BBC ? British Broadcasting Corporation
• VOA ? Voice of America.
• But during the middle portion of the
  twentieth
• century, when they saw more use than ever before,
  
• the word acronym was coined for Abbreviations.
• 2)Exercises
• 
  

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• 3. Acronym(P.76-78)
• 1) Definition
• Acronym is the process of forming new
• words by joining the initial letters of phrases.
• Acronyms are words formed from initial letters,
• but pronounced as a normal word. which are
• pronounced as a word, like NATO(North
• Atlantic Treaty Organization ???????
• ?) or AIDs(???,??????????
• acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
• 2) Exercises
• . .

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4. Blending((P.76-78)

• Definition
• Blending is the formation of new words
  by combining parts of two words or a word plus a
  part of another word

2)Categories of Blending (1)the first part of
the first word the last part of the second
word botel boat hotel ?????? (2) the
whole part of the first word last part of the
second word lunarnaut lunar astronaut ?????
(3)the whole form of the second word the first
part of the first word Eurasian Europe Asian
????? (4)the first part of the first word the
first part of the second word sitcom situation
comedy ?????????
Exercise
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• II. Back-Formation
• Back-formation is the opposite process of
• suffixation. It is the process of making a new
  word
• by dropping the supposed suffix e.g. "burgle"
• from burglar.
• It refers to an abnormal(???) type of
• word-formation where a shorter word is derived by
  
• deleting(??) an imagined affix from a longer
• form already present in the language.
• New Words from Proper Names
• 1) Names of people
• 2)Names of places
• 3)Names of books
• 4) Names of Trade Mark
  exercise

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III. Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia is the imitation of natural
sounds in word form. These words help us form
mental pictures about the things, people, or
places that are described. Sometimes the word
names a thing or action by copying the sound. For
example Bong(?, ??)?????! Buzz.???! Hiss??! 1.
Many onomatopoetic words have single syllables
B Baa ??? bang ???
Bark ?? bay ??? Bing ???????
blast ??? bleep ???
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• Blippity-Blop-Blop-Ver-Slotch ?????
• Boing ??(????????????????)
• bong (?, ??)?????
• boo ???
• Boom ???
• burble ????
• burr ?????
• buzz ???
• C
• cackle ???
• cheep ?????
• chirp ???
• chug ?????
• Clang ???
• Click ???
• clink ???
• cluck cluck
• coo ??? crackle ??? Crash
  ???

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• D
• ding ?(?), ??
• drone ?????
• F
• Fizz ???
• fizzle ???
• flap ???
• G
• gobble ????
• gong ???
• grunt ????
• Gurgle (???)???, ???(???), (??)???,
• H
• hiccup ??
• Hiss ????
• howl ??, ??, ????
• Huff ??
• hum ???, ???
• K
  knock ???

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• M Meow ??? mew ???
• moan ?????
• moo ???
• murmur ???????, ??
• P peal ???
• Ping ?????????, ????????
• plink ???
• plop ???
• pow ???????????
• puff ???
• purr ?????
• Q quack (??)????
• R Ring ???
• roar ???

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• S
• scream ???
• shriek ????
• sigh ???
• slurp ??????
• smack ???
• snap ???
• sniff ????
• splash ???
• Squeak ???
• squeal ??????
• T
• Thud ???
• Tick ???
• tom-tom ???
• tweet ?? twitter ???

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• W
• wail ???
• whack ???
• whang ??, ??, ???
• whinny ???
• Whirr ???
• Whiz ???
• Woosh (??????????)?, ?, ?
• Y
• Yip ??, ???

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2.Reduplicative compounds(???)

• It consists of two elements, each of
  which in some way echoes the basic phonetic shape
  of the other either by a simple repetition of one
  element or with alteration of either the vowels
  or the consonants.
• Ordinary word Come. Come! Well, well!
• Reduplicative(???)compounds fall into the
  following groups
• 1) The kernel(????)repeated unchanged
  goody-goody (affectedly good.lt?gt????,????),
  tick-tick (clock??????).
• 2) The kernel repeated with change of vowel
  criss-cross(?? ?), zig-zag(Z??, ????),
  dilly-dally (loiter??, ?????????), ping-pong.
• 3) Repetition with change of initial consonants
  hocus-pocus(??), walkie-talkie(?????),
  walkie-lookie(???????).

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Key to the Exercises

• ?????

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