CP BIOTECHNOLOGY CHAPTER 13

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CP BIOTECHNOLOGYCHAPTER 13
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13.1 What is biotechnology?

• The use of organisms to
• perform practical tasks
• for humans

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13.1 Biologists Manipulate DNA

• Today, we mainly manipulate the genomes of
  organisms.
• We called this act of manipulation DNA technology.

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13.1 Bacteria Commonly used in Biotechnology

• because they can acquire new genes in many
  ways!
• 1. Tunnel-like structure forms between 2 bacteria
  so DNA can be passed-Conjugation
• 2. Transformation bacteria can take up free
  floating DNA into their own DNA
• 3. Viruses can carry bacterial genes from one
  bacteria to another- transduction.

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13.1 Recombinant DNA Technology

• Definition - technology involving the combining
  of DNA and/or genes from different sources (even
  genes from different species).
• Uses of DNA technology
• Make more nutritious crops (ex. Corn)
• Make medicine in large quantities
• Help us understand specifically how gene
  sequences work

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13.2 Engineering Bacteria

• Bacteria contain plasmids
• Plasmids are small circular pieces of DNA
  separate from the bacterial chromosome.
• Plasmids carry genes

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13.2 Plasmids

• Scientists can manipulate plasmids to make them
  useful to us and Bacteria can transfer plasmids!!
• Example
• Insert a gene to make a medicine into a plasmid
• Put the plasmid into bacteria
• When the bacteria reproduce they make many copies
  of the medicine!

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Process of Making Recombinant Bacterial Cell
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13.2 How Do They Do It???
Restriction Enzymescissors

• Cut
• Use restriction enzymes to cut the desired
  DNA/gene out of a larger chromosome
• Paste
• Put the desired DNA/gene fragment into a plasmid
• Put the plasmid into a bacterium
• As the bacterium reproduces it makes many copies
  of the desired gene!! (Page 270 Case Study)

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13.2 Genomic Library Nucleic Acid Probes

• Genomic Library the complete collection of
  cloned DNA fragments from an organism
• Nucleic Acid Probe complimentary nucleotides
  labeled with a radioactive isotope used to tag
  single strand of a DNA sequence of choice.

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13.2 FYI Useful Products Using Genetic
Engineering

1. Bacteria make chemicals that clean up hazardous
   spills and toxic waste sites
2. Bacteria are mass-producing useful chemicals like
   pesticides and therapeutic drugs
3. Pigs Cattle make human insulin hormone in their
   milk for people with diabetes
4. Recombinant DNA technology is used to develop
   Vaccines Hepatitis B (viral proteins are massed
   produced in yeast cells then used in vaccines)

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13.3 Genetically Modified Organisms

• A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any
  organism that has acquired any genes
  artificially.
• If a species is called TRANSGENIC if it has
  foreign genetic material from a different
  species.

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13.3 Genetically Modified Plants
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Do you eat genetically modified organisms?

• YES NO

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Just a fewGMO FOODS

• Honey
• Cotton
• Tomatoes
• Corn
• Vegetable Oil
• Peas
• Potatoes

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Warm-Up - In Groups

• ½ the class will use their books to compile a
  list of postive or good reasons/outcomes of using
  genetically modified organisms (plants and
  animals)
• ½ the class will use their books to make a list
  of negative or unwanted reasons to use
  genetically modified organisms.

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Heres what YOU think
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13.3 Genetically Modified Plants

• Over 50 of soybean and corn crops were
  genetically modified in some way!
• Most common genetic modifications
• Genes for herbicide resistance
• Genes to resist insect and fungi pests

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13.3 Genetically Modified Animals

• Goals for GMO animals
• Produce mass quantities of hormones (insulin)
• Get animals to market quicker (salmon)
• Breed animals with better quality products (sheep
  wool)
• FUN!!

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Few more examples
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13.3 The GMO Controversy

• Although studies to date have shown that eating
  genetically modified foods have no negative
  health affectspeople continue to demand stricter
  regulations.
• Major Concern
• GMO food can pose unknown health riskrequest
  strict labeling laws
• ORGANIC CRAZE

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13.3 GMO Controversy
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13.4 DNA Tech Has Many Applications

• PCR or Polymerase Chain Reaction technique can
  mass produce specific sequences of DNA without
  the use of living cells
• Takes less time than use of living cells
• Requires less amount of desired DNA initially
• Used for cloning rare DNA ID small amounts of
  infectious DNA (AIDS)

Thermocycler- machine used for PCR
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13.4 PCR Techniquemake a lot of DNA from a
small sample
Page 278 figure 13-15
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13.4 Gel Electrophoresis

• Used when you want to compare DNA from different
  sources.
• Produces banding patterns which can be compared
  and analyzed.

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13.4 Comparing DNA How it works! (Pg 279)
1.Different DNA samples are cut into fragments
by restriction enzymes
Smaller DNA fragments move further
Each sample produces different banding patterns
in the gel so they are easily compared
2.DNA fragments move through gel using electric
current.
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13.4 Comparing DNA Genetic Markers

• Genetic Markers are particular streches of DN
  that are variable among individuals.
• Can be used to ID carriers of certain diseases

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13.4 Comparing DNA DNA Fingerprint

• Just like every person has their own unique
  fingerprinteveryone has a unique banding pattern
  produced by their restriction fragments in gel
  electrophoresis.
• 97 of our DNA is junk or non-coding and is
  extremely different from any other persons junk
  DNA.
• Forensics!!

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13.4 Who committed the crime?
Bloodstain evidence from crime scene!
Suspect 1 2 3
4 5 6 7
Using PCR and Gel Electrophoresis, a DNA
fingerprint can be made from a single drop of
blood or from a hair follicle.
DNA is extracted from a small sample and multiple
copies are made using PCR
Gel Electrophoresis of unique genetic markers are
compared
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13.5 Stem Cells and Homeotic Genes

• Stem cells cells (early in development) that
  remain undifferentiated and have the potential to
  be any type of cell.
• Homeotic Genes genes that control development
  of specific locations in organisms.

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Cloning

• To make a clone
• A donor cell is fused with an egg cell
• The fused cell begins to divide normally to form
  an embryo
• Embryo is placed in uterus of foster mom
• Clone is born

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Cloning