Chapter 1

1
Chapter 1Introduction to Chemistry

• Charles Page High School
• Pre-AP Chemistry
• Stephen L. Cotton

2
Section 1.1Chemistry

• OBJECTIVES
• Identify five traditional areas of study in
  chemistry.
• Relate pure chemistry to applied chemistry.
• Identify reasons to study chemistry.

3
What is Chemistry?

• Chemistry is the study of the composition of
  matter its composition, properties, and the
  changes it undergoes.
• Has a definite affect on everyday life - taste of
  foods, grades of gasoline, etc.

4
5 Major Areas of Chemistry

• Analytical Chemistry- concerned with the
  composition of substances.
• Inorganic Chemistry- primarily deals with
  substances without carbon
• Organic Chemistry- essentially all substances
  containing carbon
• Biochemistry- Chemistry of living things
• Physical Chemistry- describes the behavior of
  chemicals (ex. stretching) involves lots of
  math!
• Boundaries not firm they overlap and interact

5
What is Chemistry?

• Pure chemistry- gathers knowledge for the sake of
  knowledge
• Applied Chemistry- is using chemistry to attain
  certain goals, in fields like medicine,
  agriculture, and manufacturing leads to an
  application

6
Why Study Chemistry?

• Everyone and everything around us involves
  chemistry explains our world
• Helps you make choices helps make you a better
  informed citizen
• A possible career for your future
• Used to attain a specific goal

7
Section 1.2Chemistry Far and Wide

• OBJECTIVES
• Identify some areas of research affected by
  chemistry.
• Describe some examples of research in chemistry.
• Distinguish between macroscopic and microscopic
  views.

8
Chemistry Far and Wide

• Chemists design materials to fit specific needs
  velcro (Patented in 1955) on page 12
• perfume, steel, ceramics, plastics, rubber,
  paints, nonstick cooking utensils, polyester
  fibers
• Two different ways to look at the world
  macroscopic and microscopic

9
Chemistry Far and Wide

• Energy we constantly have greater demands
• We can conserve it
• We can try to produce more oil from soybeans to
  make biodiesel
• fossil fuels, solar, batteries, nuclear

10
Chemistry Far and Wide

• Medicine and Biotechnology-
• Supply materials doctors use to treat patients
• vitamin C, penicillin, aspirin (C9H8O4)
• materials for artery transplants and hipbones
• bacteria producing insulin

11
Chemistry Far and Wide

• Agriculture
• Produce the worlds food supply
• Use chemistry for better productivity soil,
  water, weeds
• plant growth hormones
• ways to protect crops insecticides
• disease resistant plants

12
Chemistry Far and Wide

• The Environment
• both risks and benefits involved in discoveries
• Pollutants need to be 1) identified and 2)
  prevented
• Lead paint was prohibited in 1978 Leaded
  gasoline? Drinking water?
• carbon dioxide, ozone, global warming

13
Chemistry Far and Wide

• The Universe
• Need to gather data from afar, and analyze matter
  brought back to Earth
• composition of the planets
• analyze moon rocks
• planet atmospheres
• life on other planets?

14
Section 1.3Thinking Like a Scientist

• OBJECTIVES
• Describe how Lavoisier transformed chemistry.
• Identify three steps in the scientific method.
• Explain why collaboration and communication are
  important in science.

15
Steps in the Scientific Method

• 1. Observations (uses your senses)
• a) quantitative involves numbers 95oF
• b) qualitative is word description hot
• 2. Formulating hypotheses (ideas)
• - educated, testable guess
• 3. Performing experiments (the test)

16
Scientific Method

• Two types of variables
• 1) Independent is the one that we change
• 2) Dependent is the one observed during the
  experiment
• Only two possible outcomes
• hypothesis is supported
• hypothesis is not supported

17
Law vs. Theory

• A law summarizes what has happened.
• A theory (model) is an attempt to explain why
  it happened this changes as new information
  is gathered.

18
Collaboration / Communication

• When scientists share ideas by collaboration and
  communication, they increase the likelihood of a
  successful outcome

19
Section 1.4Problem Solving in Chemistry

• OBJECTIVES
• Identify two general steps in problem solving.
• Describe three steps for solving numeric
  problems.
• Describe two steps for solving conceptual
  problems.

20
Problem Solving in Chemistry

• We are faced with problems each day, and not just
  in chemistry
• A solution (answer) needs to be found
• Trial and Error may work sometimes?
• But, there is a method to problem solving that
  works better, and these are skills that no one is
  born knowing they need to be learned.

21
Problem Solving in Chemistry

• Effective problem solving usually involves two
  general steps
• Developing a plan
• Implementing that plan
• The skills you use to solve a word problem in
  chemistry are NOT different from those techniques
  used in shopping, cooking, or planning a party.

22
Solving Numeric Problems

• Measurements are an important part of chemistry
  thus many of our word problems involve use of
  mathmatics
• Word problems are real life problems, and
  sometimes more information is presented than
  needed for a solution
• Following skills presented will help you become
  more successful

23
Solving Numeric Problems

• The three steps we will use for solving a numeric
  word problem are
• Analyze
• Calculate
• Evaluate
• The following slides tell the meaning of these
  three steps in detail.

Lets learn how to ACE these numeric word
problems!
24
Solving Numeric Problems

• Analyze this is the starting point
• Determine what are the known factors, and write
  them down on your paper!
• Determine what is the unknown. If it is a
  number, determine the units needed
• Plan how to relate these factors- choose an
  equation use table or graph
• This is the heart of successful problem solving
  techniques it is the PLAN

25
Solving Numeric Problems

• Calculate perform the mathematics
• If your plan is correct, this is the easiest
  step.
• Calculator used? Do it correctly!
• May involve rearranging an equation
  algebraically or, doing some conversion of units
  to some other units.

26
Solving Numeric Problems

• Evaluate the finishing step
• Is it reasonable? Make sense? Do an estimate
  for the answer, and check your calculations.
• Need to round off the answer?
• Do you need scientific notation?
• Do you have the correct units?
• Did you answer the question?

27
Solving Conceptual Problems

• Not all word problems in chemistry involve doing
  calculations
• Nonnumeric problems are called conceptual
  problems ask you to apply concepts to a new
  situation
• Steps are
• Analyze and 2) Solve
• Plan needed to link known to unknown, but no
  checking units or calculations
• Do Conceptual Problem 2.1 on page 46

28
End of Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry