Immunology - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Immunology

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Phagocytes Killer T-cells Immunology Macrophages Natural Killer Cells Immune System Group of cells in the body that recognize foreign substances F(x) = to neutralize ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Immunology


1
Immunology
Phagocytes
Killer T-cells
Macrophages
Natural Killer Cells
2
Immune System
  • Group of cells in the body that recognize foreign
    substances
  • F(x) to neutralize or destroy all things
    non-self (pathogens or invaders)

3
What is a Pathogen?
  • Any toxin, living organism, or other agent that
    can cause disease.

4
Immune Cells
  • Immune cells circulate throughout the body in the
    blood system and the lymphatic system

5
Lymphatic System
  • A network of vessels that penetrate nearly every
    tissue of the body, and a collection of tissues
    organs that produce immune cells
  • F(x)
  • Fluid recovery from tissues
  • Lymph fluid
  • Immunity
  • Lymph is filtered before returning to blood

6
Lymph Tissues Organs
  • Lymph Nodes
  • Clean the lymph alert the immune system to
    pathogens
  • Tonsils
  • Guard against ingested orinhaled pathogens
  • Thymus
  • Produces T-cells
  • Spleen (largest Lymph Organ)
  • Monitors blood for foreign objects
  • Recycles old RBCs

TONSIL
7
Body Defense
  • - Two Types
  • Non-Specific
  • Specific

8
Non-Specific Body Defense
  • Innate or inborn, not affected by prior exposures
  • NOT specific for any invader
  • Operates constantly

9
Non-Specific Body Defense
  • SKIN 1st Line of Defense
  • Physical barrier prevents entry of pathogens
  • Must beunbroken tobe effective
  • Acidic, oily, sweat glandsinhibitsbacterial
    growth

10
Non-Specific Body Defense
  • MUCUS MEMBRANES
  • Respiratory,Digestive,Urinary,Reproduction
    tracts
  • F(x)
  • To trap debris pathogens

11
Non-Specific Body Defense
  • HAIRS
  • Nasal passage
  • Traps debris pathogens
  • CILIA
  • Upper Respiratory Tract
  • Traps debris pathogens

12
Non-Specific Body Defense
  • CELLULAR DEFENSE
  • Activated when other defenses are breached
  • Two Types
  • Phagocytes
  • Leukocytes

Phagocyte eating dying cells.
13
Phagocytes
  • Cells that recognize non-self items
  • F(x) engulf or eat foreign debris
  • Reside in lymph organs
  • Travel to the site of infection, via the blood
    stream
  • Macrophage a type of phagocyte

14
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15
Leukocytes (Natural Killer Cells)
  • a.k.a. NK Cells
  • WBCs police the blood lymph
  • F(x)
  • Bind to membrane of the invader, release
    chemicals, cause infected cell to lyse

16
Non-Specific Body Defense
  • CELLULAR (TISSUE) DEFENSE
  • Inflammatory Response
  • Fever

17
Inflammation
  • Local defensive response to tissue injury of any
    kind
  • Response is directly at site of injury
  • Helps to prevent spread of the damaging agent

18
Inflammation
  • The 4 Signs of Inflammation S.H.A.R.P.
  • Swelling
  • Heat
  • ?
  • All four of these due to fluid build-up
  • ?
  • Redness
  • Pain

19
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20
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21
Fever
  • Abnormal elevation in body temp.
  • Response to infection
  • Stimulates phagocytes to go to work
  • Heat kills many pathogens
  • Increases the rate of enzymatic rxns

22
Non-Specific Body Defense
  • CHEMICAL DEFENSE
  • Interferons (antiviral proteins)

23
Interferons
  • Secreted by virus-infected cell
  • Stimulates non-infected cells to make proteins
    that block viral protein synthesis
  • Slows infection to allow specific defenses to
    begin working
  • Activates macrophages to eat (non-self) viral
    invaders

24
Specific Body Defense
  • Immunity ability to ward off a specific
    infection or disease
  • Highly specific resistance to disease
  • Process
  • Particular invader recognized
  • Switches on immune response
  • Invader is remembered so that future invasions
    can be immediately fought

25
Specific Body Defense
  • Specific Body Defense is born out of the
    Lymphatic System
  • i.e. Bone marrow ? makes B-cells, which make
    specific antibodies

26
Antigens
  • Irritant or pathogen molecule that react with
    antibodies
  • Epitope region of antigen recognized by a
    specific antibody
  • Stimulates formationof antibodies

27
Antibodies
  • Molecules that react with or bind to antigens
  • Mark antigens for destruction by macrophages
  • Form due to the exposureto a specific antigen

28
Antibodies
  • Made by B-cells
  • Found in plasma, all body secretions
  • Once present, allows immediate immune response to
    pathogens

29
Antibodies
  • Structure (most common)
  • Composed of 2 heavy chains, 2 light chains
  • Constant Variable regions
  • Antigen-binding site

Variable region
Constant region
30
Specific Body Defense
  • Helper T-cells
  • Attract other T-cells (Killer T-cells) and
    macrophages to an antigen
  • Killer T-cells
  • Directly attack kill pathogens, release
    chemicals to lyse cells

31
Specific Body Defense
  • Suppressor T-cells
  • Stops immune response when antigen is
    successfully overcome

Scanning Electron Micrograph of a T-cell
32
  • Specific Non-specific Defenses work
  • together to protect the body from
  • disease-producing pathogens
  • B-cells mature in bone tissue
  • T-cells mature in thymus tissue

33
Applications of Immune Response
  • Immunization process that increases an
    organisms rxn to antigen therefore improves
    its ability to resist or overcome infection.
  • Vaccine living or inactivated organism
  • used to induce specific immunity

34
Vaccines
  • Attenuated agents
  • Virus/bacteria that has beenmodified to be
    incapable ofcausing disease
  • Inactivated agents
  • Pieces or a whole organism that has been
    chemically inactivated
  • Cant reproduce but retains antigenicity

35
Immunity
  • 3 Types
  • Active
  • Passive
  • Cell Mediated

36
Active Immunity
  • When an individual responds to an antigen
  • Resulting from vaccination against or
  • Recovery from a natural infection
  • Permanent Immunity

37
Passive Immunity
  • Antibodies produced from another organism
    injected into the body
  • Temporary protection against disease

38
Cell-Mediated Immunity
  • Killer T-cells attack any cell not marked with a
    special protein(i.e. cells that are non-self)
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