(Lecture note: Physical Geology)

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????????????????????? ??????????????? (Lecture
note Physical Geology) ?????? 1 ?????????????????
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??????????????? (Physical geology)
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Physical Geology ???????????????
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????????? (Geology) ???????
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????????? (Origin of the Earth)
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????????? (Origin of the Earth) (???)
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????????? ????????????????? ??????????????
?????????????????????????????????? H2O, CO2,
methane, N2 ??? ??????????????????????????????????
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?????????? (Rock Cycle)
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??????????? (Origin of Life)
??????????????????? ????????????????? C, H2, H2O,
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????????????????????????????????? A.I.Oparin
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Relative Time The geologic time scale provides a
relative measure of time. The geologic time
scale is based on the fossil record. Divisions
of time Eons Eras
Periods Epochs Major Divisions Hadean C
rytozoic Eon Phanerozoic Eon
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Subdivisions of the Cryptozoic Archean
Era Proterozoic Era Subdivisions of the
Phanerozoic Paleozoic Era Cambrian
Period Ordovician Period Silurian
Period Devonian Period Carboniferous
Period Permian Period Mesozoic Era Triassic
Period Jurassic Period Cretaceous Period
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Cenozoic Era Tertiary Period Paleocene
Epoch Eocene Epoch Oligocene Epoch
Miocene Epoch Pliocene Epoch Quaternary
Period Pleistocene Epoch Holocene
(Recent) Epoch
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Absolute Time There has been a long debate over
the age of the Earth. The age of the earth is
key to evaluating geologic and biologic
processes. Measuring the age of the earth
physical methods (rate of deposition, alt
concentration etc.), radioactive dating (K-Ar,
U-Pb, Th-Pb) Age of Earth Oldest earth rocks
are 3.8 billion years old. Meteorites on earth
are generally around 4.6 billion years old. Moon
rocks are between 4.6 and 3 billion years
old. Age of the earth is thought to be 4.6
billion years old.
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?????? 700-600 Ma
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?????? 600-500 Ma
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?????? 500-425 Ma
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?????? 425-330 Ma
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?????? 330-275 Ma
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?????? 275-150 Ma
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?????? 150-60 Ma
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?????? 60Ma ???????????
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Geologic Principles
Three principles form the basis for stratigraphic
and paleontologic studies. These are principle,
not laws. There are limitations. Development of
the geologic time scale relied heavily on these
principles and their limitations.
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???????????????????????????? (Geologic Principles)
1. Superposition - original horizontality, -
lateral continuity 2. Uniformitarianism - The
present is the key to the past. - Modern
processes operating over long periods of time
produced the earth features. 3. Faunal
succession - Fossil or groups of fossils occur
in distinct intervals of rock. - Correlation is
possible based on fossil. - Subdivision of the
rock record is possible based on fossil
assemblage.
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?????????? (Rock Cycle)
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Geologic Cross Section and Unconformity
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Nonconformity
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Angular Unconformity
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????????????????? (Introduction to Plate Tectonic)
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(??? Judson and Kauffman, 1990 ???? 107)
(??? Mottana et al., 1978)