U.S. History Chapter 17 Notes

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U.S. History Chapter 17 Notes

• The Progressive EraAmid great political and
  social change, women gain a larger public role
  and lead the call for reform. President Theodore
  Roosevelt dubs his reform policies a Square Deal.

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Section 1The Origins of Progressivism

• Political, economic, and social change in late
  19th century America leads to broad progressive
  reforms

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The Progressives

• Early 1900s, middle-class reformers addressed
  problems of 1890s
• Different reform efforts collectively called
  progressive movement
• Reformers aimed to restore economic opportunity
  correct injustice by
• - protecting social welfare promoting moral
  improvement
• - creating economic reform fostering efficiency

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The Progressives

• Progressives had four major goals
• - Protecting Social Welfare
• - Promoting Moral Improvement
• - Creating Economic Reform
• - Fostering Efficiency

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Protecting Social Welfare

• Wanted to help people deal with the harsh
  conditions of industrialization
• - Social Gospel settlement houses inspired
  other reform groups
• Florence Kelley became a political activist
  advocate for women children
• - Helped pass law prohibiting child labor
  limiting womens hours

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Protecting Social Welfare

• Some believed that morality rather than the
  workplace held the key to improving the lives of
  the poor
• - Felt poor should uplift selves by improving
  own behavior
• Prohibition - banning of alcoholic drinks
• - Womans Christian Temperance Union spearheaded
  prohibition crusade

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Creating Economic Reform

• 1893 - panic prompted many people to doubt
  capitalism
• Many became socialists
• - 1901 - Eugene V. Debbs helped organize the
  American Socialist Party

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Creating Economic Reform

• Journalists who exposed corruption in politics
  business became known as Muckrakers
• - Ida Tarbell attacked John D. Rockefeller
  Standard Oil for using cut throat businesses
  practices to eliminate competition

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Fostering Efficiency

• Many progressive leaders used experts science
  to make society the workplace more efficient
• Louis D. Brandeis used social scientists data
  to argue the cost of working long hours for the
  both the individual society

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Fostering Efficiency

• Business leaders began using Scientific
  management studies to improve efficiency in the
  workplace
• - Scientific management - time and motion
  studies applied to workplace

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Fostering Efficiency

• Assembly lines were used to speed up production
• - Made people work like machines
• - Caused higher worker turnover
• Henry Ford reduced workday to 8 hours paid
  employees 5 a day to prevent turnover

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Cleaning Up Local Government

• Reformers tried to make government efficient
  responsive to voters
• Some cities adopted government by commission of
  experts
• Many used council-manager - people elected
  council that appoints manager

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State Reformers

• Many reforms were made at the state level
• Robert M La Follette led the way after he was
  elected governor of Wisconsin
• - Passed laws to regulate railroads and banks
• - Also passed civil service laws
• Other states followed Wisconsin's example

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Protecting Working Children

• Child workers received lower wages
• - Small hands handled small parts better
• - Families need childrens wages
• National Child Labor Committee gathered evidence
  of harsh conditions
• - Accidents diseases caused by overwork

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Protecting Working Children

• Labor unions argue childrens wages lower all
  wages
• Groups pressed government to ban child labor
  cut hours
• Convinced most states to pass legislation banning
  child labor and setting maximum hours

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Efforts to Limit Working Hours

• Muller v. Oregon -Court upheld limiting women to
  10-hour workday
• Bunting v. Oregon - upheld 10-hour workday for
  men
• Reformers won workers compensation for families
  of injured killed

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Reforming Elections

• Oregon adopted secret ballot, initiative,
  referendum, recall
• Initiativebill proposed by people, not
  lawmakers, put on ballots
• Referendumvoters, not legislature, decide if
  initiative becomes law
• Recallvoters remove elected official through
  early election
• Primaries allow voters, not party machines, to
  choose candidates
• Direct Election of Senators
• Became law in 1913 (17th amendment

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Section 2

• Women in Public LifeAs a result of social and
  economic change, many women enter public life as
  workers and reformers.

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Women in the Work Force

• Only middle-, upper-class women could devote
  themselves to home family
• Poor women usually had to work for wages outside
  home
• Roles of Farm Women on Southern, Midwestern
  farms remained the same
• - Performed household tasks, raised livestock,
  help with crops

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Women in the Work Force

• After 1900 20 of women held jobs
• - 25 in manufacturing
• - 50 industrial workers in garment trade
• - Earned half of mens wages
• - Jobs in offices, stores, classrooms require
  high school education
• - Business schools trained bookkeepers,
  stenographers, typists

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Women in the Work Force

• 1870 - 70 of employed women did domestic work
• - Many African-American, immigrant women do
  domestic labor
• - married immigrants took in piecework, or
  cared for boarders

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Women Lead Reform

• Many female industrial workers sought to reform
  working conditions
• Women formed cultural clubs that sometimes became
  reform groups
• Many women who were active in public life had
  attended new womens colleges
• 50 college-educated women never married many
  work on social reforms

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Women's Suffrage

• Women reformers targeted workplace, housing,
  education, food, drugs
• National Association of Colored Women (NACW)
• - Goal was the moral education of the race was
  with which they were identified
• -Managed nurseries reading rooms,
  kindergartens
• Susan B. Anthony of National American Woman
  Suffrage Assoc. (NAWSA)
• - worked for woman suffrage, or right to vote

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Women's Suffrage

• A Three-Part Strategy for Suffrage
• Convince state legislatures to give women right
  to vote
• Test 14th Amendment - states lost representation
  if they denied men vote
• Push for constitutional amendment to give women
  the vote

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Section 3Teddy Roosevelts Square Deal.

• As president, Theodore Roosevelt works to give
  citizens a Square Deal through progressive reforms

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New Reformers

• Led by Republican Teddy Roosevelt (man of action)
• 1st challenged the power of corrupt money
• - Called Jay Gould a crook (no one else had the
  courage)
• - Gould was one of the most powerful men in
  America
• - Made fortune with crooked railroad deals
• This gained Roosevelt popularity

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Roosevelt's Career

• Fought against Spain in Cuba (Rough Riders)
• Became governor of New York
• - Tried to clean up government
• - Pushed through a civil service law
• - Hired qualified people
• NY political bosses couldnt control him, urged
  him to run for vice-president
• 1900 William McKinley won reelection
• - Roosevelt became Vice President

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Roosevelt Becomes President

• McKinley shot in Buffalo
• Teddy Roosevelt became youngest person to hold
  office (age 42)
• His leadership publicity campaigns helped
  create modern presidency
• Supports federal government role when states do
  not solve problems concerning national welfare

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Roosevelt Becomes President

• Public loved Roosevelt (1st to use bully pulpit)
• - Called him Teddy
• - He refused to shoot a bear cub while on a
  hunting trip
• - Resulted in new toy (the teddy bear)

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The Square Deal

• Square Deal - Roosevelts progressive reforms
• Roosevelt felt the government should act as an
  umpire
• - Make sure everyone got a "square deal"

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Using Federal Power

• Trust busting
• 1902 Coal Strike
• - Coal reserves were low
• - Roosevelt forced both sides to accept
  arbitration (3rd party decides dispute)
• - Each side received some of what it wanted
• - Sets principle of federal intervention when
  strike threatens public
• - Other presidents had sent troops to end strikes

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Using Federal Power

• Railroad Regulation
• - 1887 Interstate Commerce Act established the
  Interstate Commerce Commission to prevent
  railroads from colluding to fix high prices (ICC
  too weak to enforce law)
• - Roosevelt pushed for federal regulation to
  control abuses
• - Elkins Act -stopped rebates sudden rate
  changes
• - Hepburn Act - limited free railroad passes
  enabled ICC to set maximum railroad rates

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Trust Busting

• Many big businesses had formed trust
• - Controlled prices
• This had continued in spite of the Sherman
  Antirust Act of 1890
• - Act made it illegal for corporations to gain
  complete control of a type of business
• - Had not been enforced
• By 1900, - trusts control about 80 of U.S.
  industries
• Roosevelt wanted to curb trusts that

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Trust Busting

• hurt public interest
• Roosevelt began to enforce the Sherman Antitrust
  Act
• - 1st target was the railroads
• Biggest target was Standard Oil
• - 1911 - Supreme Court ordered that it be broken
  up into smaller companies

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Attack on laissez Faire

• Laissez faire - hands off approach towards
  business
• Business leaders were shocked by Roosevelt's
  actions
• - They felt that government should not interfere
  with the economy
• - That the economy performed best when people
  were left free to create businesses and hire
  workers
• Progressives felt that laissez faire created high
  prices and low wages

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The Muckrakers

• Food, drug advertisements made false claims
  medicines were often unsafe
• Muckrakers - Writers who exposed corruption in
  American society
• Exposed unhappy practices in the food industry
• Upton Sinclairs The Jungle - unsanitary
  conditions in meatpacking
• Roosevelt commission investigates, backs up
  Sinclairs account
• Forced government to pass the laws

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The Muckrakers

• Pure Food and Drug Act halted sale of
• contaminated food medicine
• - required truth in labeling FDA
• Roosevelt pushes for Meat Inspection Act
• - dictated sanitary requirements
• - Created federal meat inspection
  program (USDA)
• These laws gave government inspectors the power
  to enforce safety and health standards in the
  making and selling of food and medicine

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Conservation

• Conservation - the controlled use natural
  resources
• Roosevelt believed that water and timber
  resources should be maintained for the benefit of
  all people
• He transferred 150 million acres of federal land
  into the national parks system
• He urged the creation of national parks
• - Yellowstone, Yosemite, The Grand Canyon

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The Progressives and Race

• Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington to the
  White House
• Other than that the Progressive's record on
  racism was terrible
• - They worked to keep Jewish out of universities
• - Japanese immigrants were denied the right to
  own land in California
• - Racism resulted in increased segregation in
  the south

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African Americans Organize

• African Americans looked to new leaders to help
  them fight discrimination
• W.E.B. Du Bois believed that African Americans
  should focus on legality
• - Met with other black leader at Niagara Falls
  (Niagara Movement)
• - Formed the National Association for the
  Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

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African Americans Organize

• 1910 - The National Urban League was formed
• - It focused on improving economic conditions
  for urban African Americans

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Section 4Progressivism Under Taft

• Tafts ambivalent approach to progressive reform
  leads to a split in the Republican Party and the
  loss of the presidency to the Democrats.

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Changes in Leadership

• Progressives agenda became Americas plan
• 1908 - William Howard Taft elected as president
• - Roosevelt's hand picked successor

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Tafts Presidency

• Had cautious progressive agenda
• - Chose to consolidate ratter than expand
  Roosevelts reforms
• Received gets little credit for successes
• - Busted over 90 trusts during his 4-year term
• Didnt not use presidential bully pulpit to
  arouse public opinion
• Angered progressives when he signed the The
  Payne-Aldrich Tariff
• - compromise bill that called for moderate
  tariffs
• - Progressives thought he abandoned low tariffs
  progressivism

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Tafts Presidency

• Disputing Public Lands
• Angered conservationists when he appointed
  Richard A. Ballinger as secretary of the
  interior
• - Ballinger put reserved lands in public domain
• Interior official who protested action was fired
• Gifford Pinchot head of U.S. Forest Service -
  testified against Ballinger
• - He was also fired by Taft

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The Republican Party Splits

• Republicans split over Tafts support of House
  Speaker Joseph Cannon
• Cannon weakened progressive agenda
• Many Progressives allied with Democrats
• Democrats gained control of the House of
  Representatives in the 1910 midterm election

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The Bull Moose Party

• Roosevelt decided to run for president again
• Taft people outmaneuvered Roosevelts for
  nomination in the 1912 Republican convention
• Progressives formed Bull Moose Party nominated
  Roosevelt
• Progressives called for
• - More voter participation in government
• - Woman suffrage
• - Labor legislation, business controls

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The Bull Moose Party

• Roosevelt Taft ran against Democrat Woodrow
  Wilson,
• - Wilson was a reform governor from NJ

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Election of 1912

• Wilson endorsed progressive platform called the
  New Freedom
• - Wanted stronger antitrust laws, banking
  reform, lower tariffs
• - called all monopolies evil
• Roosevelt wanted oversight of big business
• - Didnt think all monopolies were bad
• Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs wanted
  to end capitalism
• Wilson won great electoral victory got majority
  in Congress

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Section 5Wilsons New Freedom

• Woodrow Wilson establishes a strong reform agenda
  as a progressive leader.

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Wilson and Big business

• Woodrow Wilson shared the same views as Roosevelt
  
• He felt that "good trust" didn't exist
• He focused on attacking trusts, tariffs, high
  finance
• Clayton Antitrust Act - stopped companies from
  buying stock to form a monopoly
• - Stated that labor unions farming
  organizations had the right to exist
• - Strikes peaceful protest and the collection
  of strike benefits became legal
• - Ended injunctions against strikers unless
  threaten irreparable damage
• Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 -
  Established new watchdog agency FTC
• - investigated regulatory violations
• - ended unfair business practices

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A New Tax System

• Wilson pushed for Underwood Act to substantially
  reduce tariffs
• Businesses tried to get Congress to vote it down
• Set precedent of giving State of the Union
  message in person
• Used bully pulpit to gain passage
• Government had to replace revenue lost by
  lowering tariffs
• 1913 - Sixteenth Amendment legalized graduated
  federal income tax
• - 1 to 6
• - Government earned a lot more money from income
  tax than it ever earned from tariffs

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Federal Reserve System

• Nation needed a way to strengthen the way banks
  were run as well as control the amount of money
  in circulation
• 1913 Federal Reserve Act divided the nation
  into 12 banks and established a regional bank in
  each district
• These banks loaned served other banks in the
  region
• - Issued paper money
• - loaned money to banks in trouble
• Federal Reserve System - Brought private banking
  system under federal control

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Women Win Suffrage

• College-educated women spread suffrage message to
  working-class
• College Equal Suffrage League went door-to-door,
  took trolley tours gave speeches at stops
• Carrie Chapman Catt, head of NAWSA, stressed
  organization lobbying

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Women Win Suffrage

• National Womans Party aggressively pressured for
  suffrage amendment
• Work of patriotic women in war effort influenced
  politicians
• 1920 - Nineteenth Amendment granted women right
  to vote

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The Limits of Progressivism

• Wilson disappointed Progressives who wanted
  social reforms concerning civil rights
• Won support of NAACP for favoring civil rights
  when he was a candidate running for president
• Opposed anti -lynching legislation after he
  became president
• Appointed fellow white Southerners to cabinet who
  extended segregation
• Segregated white and black federal employees
• NAACP felt betrayed which resulted in a rift
  with he president

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The Twilight of Progressivism

• Outbreak of World War I distracted most Americans
• Reform efforts stalled