Title: Building a Nation
1Building a Nation
2Review
- The rebellions of 1837 slowed the flow of people
wanting to settle in Upper Canada. - Soon after the rebellions had settled, people
flocked to this area by the thousands. - This allowed for the English speaking population
to soon outnumber that of the French. - This being the case, the French began to create
political parties to protect French interests. - They believed that the language and culture was
under attack by British government. - Lord Durham Report recommending that English
culture prevail.
3Review
- Colonies were urged to join the union to allow
for English culture and values to be dominate. - Canada west rapidly grew and was a place for
opportunity. - Toronto was a central hub of business.
- British government began to lose some interest
and amended or canceled laws that gave them
special benefits over the colonies. - The British started to not produce finance for
new project happening in the colonies. The onus
of finance began to fall on the new colonial
governments and the developer of the new
projects. - Still some opposed to creating and joining a
union of all the colonies, while others were all
for it.
4The Colonies under the Reign of Queen Victoria
- At this time people either struggled or
prospered. - If one was rich, had an education, high social
status, and was know within the community, life
was good in the colonies. - With no income tax, it was easy for the rich to
keep getting richer as Canada approached
confederation, and after. - On the other side of those that were rich were
thousands and thousands that were struggling and
poor. - Many Canadians lived below the poverty line and
lived in nothing more than a 1 or 2 room cottage.
5The Colonies under the Reign of Queen Victoria
- The rich lived in beautiful houses with servants.
- People worked long hours for little pay and no
reward. - Employment insurance, universal health care,
government assistance, and other programs were no
existent. - Many depended on family and the church in times
of extreme hardship. - Many of the new immigrants coming to Canada come
from Ireland and Scotland. - Many had little to no education and were poor to
begin with. They come to Canada hoping to
improve their lives.
6The Colonies under the Reign of Queen Victoria
- Many immigrants went to Toronto or growing towns
looking for work as manual laborers, while others
decided to buy land to farm. - Land filled with rocks and poor soil was the
cheapest, and many immigrants bought whatever
they could afford, and as much as they could. - Even though immigrants come looking for a better
life, many still found the hardship of the
homeland, and faced the same disappointments. - With the flood of people come different
religions. - Irish Catholic, Scots Presbyterians.
- The official religion of the colonies was
Anglican. - Most communities had a Catholic, Presbyterian,
Anglican, and Methodist church.
7The Colonies under the Reign of Queen Victoria
- Religion become very important to the people of
the colonies. - Why would religion have become so important to
the people of the colonies. - The church made decisions regarding education,
schools, community matter, and helped those that
were destitute. - Helping the church was a way to give back to the
community, and also a way of showing your wealth. - The people that lived under Queen Victoria's
reign (between 1837-1901) become known as
Victorians.
8The Native Peoples under the Reign of Queen
Victoria
- The original people of the land in the colonies
were the Natives. - In most cases the natives were forgotten in the
development of the colonies unless the settlers
were looking to buy land or labor from the
natives. - Some natives began to adjust to the European way
of life by changing or abandoning their
traditional ways of life. - Some began to shop in the local stores or farm
small crops. - Even with the pressure to assimilate the natives
into the White Society, much traditional native
culture and traditions remained. - This was a result of elders keeping traditions
alive and oral histories that have been passed
down from generation to generation that still
exist today
9The Native Peoples under the Reign of Queen
Victoria
- There were land treaties developed to help settle
land disputes, but most land in the early
treaties was lost. - Answer questions 1-3 on page 59. We will discuss
them in class.
10Victorian Lifestyle
- Victorian lifestyle come about as a result of
Queen Victorias reign of the throne of Britain. - It was her behaviors, tastes, and values about
life that set the standard for what would become
known as the Victorian Era. - It was a standard of life that was believed to be
superior to others. - People who lived in Britain were known as
Victorians, and most who lived in the British
Empire considered themselves to be the same. - Victorian lifestyle extended beyond that of the
British Empire (i.e. United States).
11Victorian Lifestyle
- The Victorian society was formed around Christian
belief. - The people of this era were said to have
attitude, and they believed in themselves,
their values, and their beliefs. - There was a strict moral code that people adhered
to, and social status become of utmost
importance. - A persons social status was mainly determined by
family lineage and social connections. - There was high value placed on modesty and
seriousness in life, even though the era was one
of opportunist times. - During this era there were many advances in
medicine, technology, science, and everything was
reflected in the lifestyle that most lived. - You were considered to have won the lottery of
life if you were born British.
12Victorian Lifestyle
- Most emigrates come to the colonies trying to
escape the social class system, but this never
happened. - Many middle class people were considered to be
prudes and snobs. - The Victorians were very materialistic, and spent
freely on clothes, homes, and furnishings for
their homes. - The church buildings were the center of the
communities, often being the largest and most
important buildings. - Many community events happened at the church or
on church property. - Weddings and funerals being huge community
events, and worked as relationship builders for
the people within the community.
13Fashion and Decor
- Appearance was critical to Victorians, and this
held true with the people in Canada. - Appearance helped show social status, and values.
- Women wore long dresses with aprons.
- Men wore hats and ties.
- Even laborers dressed formally.
- Wealth people dressed with utmost class
- Men wore long jackets and high stiff collars.
- Women wore long dresses made of the finest cloth,
high stiff collars, had parasols (fancy
umbrella), and broad brimmed hats. - Having a tan was a sign of being in a lower class
because it was an indication of working outdoors. - Nobody tried to have a tan, fair and pale skin
was desired.
14Fashion and Decor
15Fashion and Decor
- Large houses were a sign of wealth and status in
the community. - The larger and more substantial the house the
more importance and wealth. - Larger houses were also needed because large
families were common. - It was common to have grandparents living in the
house along with the families helping staff and
servants. - Houses were heated with wood and coal.
- Rooms were small and had doors to keep heat in.
- The décor was full of heavily decorate furniture,
heavy curtains, and lots of knick knack trinkets. - By modern standards the houses were cluttered and
over decorated.
16Fashion and Decor
- The lower classes of society lived in smaller
houses in the poorest sections of town. - Many families lived together with their grown
children even after they were married.
17Science and Medicine
- Science, medicine, and technology had huge
advancements during the Victorian era. - Discovery after discovery were being made and
they were happening at a very fast rate for the
time. - Because of the speed of the advancements, full
understanding of everything that was going on was
often not happening. - It was believed that germs grew spontaneously out
of liquids, while other believed they were laid
as eggs by insects. - Germs were first seen in the 1870s under a
microscope.
18Science and Medicine
- With the development of trade, and advancements
in the industrial revolution, people come into
contact with new life forms, disease, etc. - Media often mixed truth with fiction to intrigue
the public more to what was happening in the
world. - The Europeans Meet the Gorilla pg. 64 of your
text. - New medical discoveries happened during the 19th
Century. - i.e. aspirin, antibiotics, antiseptics, x-ray,
vitamins, and hormones. - It was only during the Victorian era that
vaccinations become available to the ordinary
person. - Unless one lived in the city, it was common for
people to be misinformed of medical and
scientific advancement.
19Science and Medicine
- Many diseases affected Victorian society.
- i.e. cholera, smallpox, typhoid fever, influenza,
and tuberculosis. - Millions of people died from these diseases.
- Childbirth was very dangerous, and many women
died while giving birth. - It was common for children to get rheumatic and
scarlet fevers. - Little was know about disease or hygiene, and
until germs and antiseptics were discovered,
infections was a common result from having
operations done. - No sterile interments for operations, and
sometime doctors would not even wash their hands
and smoked during the operations.
20Science and Medicine
- Louis Pasteur
- French scientist.
- Discovered anthrax, cholera, and rabies.
- Discovers bacilli in 1857.
- Rod-shaped bacteria.
- Used carbolic acid as an antiseptic, and
vaccinated people and animals against disease.
21Leisure and Travel
- Entertainment was a big part of the Victorian
lifestyle. - In cities people went to parties, concerts,
fairs, circuses, and shows. - In the country people went to barn raisings,
quilting bees, weddings, ceilidhs (parties with
Scottish or Irish music, dancing and stories),
barn dances, etc. - Books and magazines were a popular form of
entertainment with most people now being
literate. - Most were published in serial format to keep
people coming back for more.
22Leisure and Travel
- Many Canadians enjoyed many of the same leisure
activities as we do today (i.e. swimming). - Others enjoyed more brutal and bizarre leisure's.
- i.e. blood sports like bear-baiting, dog and bull
fighting, and bare knuckle boxing. - It was later through the Victorian spirit that
boxing was changed into the sport we see today.
23Leisure and Travel
- Medicine shows were a common attraction for many.
- The medicines promised to cure anything and
everything, but the problem was that most of the
time they did nothing. - Most of the medicines were made from alcohol,
pepper, or turpentine. - Often the medicines would intoxicate a person or
make them sick.
24Leisure and Travel
- The circus become popular, and many people with
disabilities found work within the circus in the
side shows. - People would come pay money to look at the
freaks.
25Leisure and Travel
- Parlour games become a way of allowing people to
mingle in a socially acceptable manor. - There was no radio, television, movies, or
recorded music, so people would play card games,
chess, and checkers. - Games began to start serving as icebreakers
between the sexes. - Certain games were passed down from generation to
generation, and from one heritage to another. - Other games served the purpose of allowing the
men to show off to mingle with the other sex. - i.e. pulling the stump, pulling the leg, and
kissing his thumb (pg. 69 of your text).
26Leisure and Travel
- Leisure travel become a popular past time of
those who could afford it. - It was common for people with money to travel to
Europe and America regularly. - Part of the allure to traveling was much as it is
today. - People enjoyed experiencing the nightlife,
parties, entertainment of another city, and just
seeing the sites of another place. - Inventions such as the steamship made
transatlantic travel more convenient. - Travel times were cut from 5 week down to only 2
weeks or less. - Steamships become very luxurious, and had many
different facilities for recreation.
27Leisure and Travel
- With changing technology come changes in the way
people traveled. - People could now travel far distances in a
fraction of the time they had traveled them
before. - New steam locomotives made land travel much more
attractive, and it was more affordable than the
steamships of the sea. - It was this new technology in the development of
steamships and steam locomotives that helped to
develop the infrastructure of Canada.
28Leisure and Travel
- The first railway in Canada was the Champlain
Saint Lawrence Railway and it was completed in
1836. - It ran from La Prairie in Montreal to
Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu 40 km southwest of
Montreal. - Other railways of the time (1865) were the Grand
Trunk, Maritime, Intercolonial railway (project),
American, Great Western, and Northern. - Railways served the purpose of transporting
person and freight at a much faster rate than
ever before. - By 1850 most trains moved at speeds of 80 km/hr.
- The Champlain Saint Lawrence started with trains
moving at 40 km/hr. - The railways connected cities, and cities with
sea ports for shipping. - They become a vital way of moving goods from city
to city.
29Leisure and Travel
- Because of the lack of railway lines, timetables
become key in avoiding collisions on the tracks
and keep passengers on time.
30Leisure and Travel
- Newspapers
- Most small towns and every city in Canada had a
newspaper. - During the Victoria era the rise of Dailies
become a common place in most communities - Most people were able to read now and newspapers
become their primary source for information in
the community and the world around them. - There were major differences from newspapers of
the Victorian era and today. - There were no sports sections, comics,
professional advice columns, or non-news or
special interest articles. - Most papers were used as a source of information
about happening in the community, the colonies,
the world, science, etc.
31Leisure and Travel
- Newspapers attracted readers by providing them
with the things they wanted to know about. - Today people want to know about sports, were back
then it was not as much of a priority unless it
was boxing or horse racing. - The Halifax Gazette was the first newspaper in
Canada in 1752.
32Activities
- Answer questions 1-3 on page 72.
33Building a Nation
- The idea of creating a union between all of the
British North American colonies was one that was
not greeted by all. - Canada West was more for the idea than Canada
East and its French culture, and the Maritime
colonies. - The idea of a union meant a central government to
control defence, external relations, currency,
postage, taxation, etc. - Prior to confederation the British government
control most if not all of the above. - The Maritime's felt as though they had little in
common with the rest of Canada, and the French
believed they would end up as a minority to
English speaking Canadians in the case of a
union. - People liked the idea because it would allow
people to create their own country that would be
one of the biggest in the world. - Those in favor had to try and convince the rest
that confederation was in their best interest.
34Building a Nation
- The Canada's were join by and act of union in
1840 as a recommendation coming from the Durham
Report (Chapter 1). - Durham Report being a result of the 1837
Rebellions. - Durham also recommended that there be a
responsible government for the colonies. - Responsible government a government in which the
executive council is responsible to the
legislative assembly whose members are
representatives of the people.
35Building a Nation
- People were not sure how self-government would
work and feared that it could be more harmful
than good for both Canada and Britain. - Some thought it would weaken the British Empire
and strengthen British enemies, while others
believed it would create economic turmoil in both
Canada and Britain. - Some still believed in mercantilist ideas within
the colonies and the homeland. - The idea of taking raw materials from the colony
and manufacturing goods in the homeland to be
sold for profit.
36Building a Nation
- Britain's economic relationship was beginning to
change with the Canada's. - The repeal of the corn laws in 1846.
- Trading privileges to British colonies allowing
grain to enter Britain with low duties. - Britain now wanted free trade to buy wheat,
flour, grain, and other products from any
country. - This helped to put Canada's economy into a
depression. - Shipbuilding for Britain was no longer a major
industry. - The export of raw materials and agricultural
goods was slowing.
37Building a Nation
- Few industries remained that could revive the
Canadian economy, and this made the idea of
creating a country even more appealing. - Few governors that were in place agreed with the
idea of self government. - Those in place believed they did not need to be
responsible to the people of the country. - With Britain believing free trade was in its
best interest, the idea of self government in
Canada become more appealing to them as well.
38Building a Nation
- Lord Elgin was appointed as governor of the
Canadas, and the task of bringing responsible
government to them in 1847. - Britain wanted the colonies to become their
economic partner. - Britain believed it to be of an advantage to have
responsible government in the colonies because it
was expensive to govern, defend, and support them
financially.
39Building a Nation
- Rebellion Losses Bill 1849.
- Lord Elgin signs a bill giving financial
compensation to anyone who lost property in the
Rebellions of 1837. - Many people opposed the bill because rebels were
able to collect this as well, but Elgin had no
choice but to sign it because of there now being
responsible government. - As a result there were riots, and the parliament
buildings were burnt in Montréal on April 25,
1849.
40Building a Nation
- Complete the work sheet titled Building a Nation.
41Advantages of Confederation
- The reasons for having the colonies join as one
country were plenty. - As one country, Canada would be able to have more
economic stability with the prospect of having
some prosperity. - There would be no tariffs or trade barriers as a
country. - With confederation would come a strong central
government. - One of the things that could be done with this is
build a intercontinental railway that links all
the colonies (not enough finance with the
colonies separate). - This railway would allow for easier trade
throughout the country, and would be useful in a
defensive aspect for the country. - A railway would link cities to an ice free port
in the Maritimes for shipping.
42Advantages of Confederation
- Joining confederation would also ensure that the
West (BC and Rupert's Land) would not be annexed
by the United States. - Americans had ideas of Manifest Destiny, and had
invaded Canada before in the War of Independence
and War of 1812. - As one the colonies would have more defensive
power as opposed to being individual forces. - The US would be less likely to attack a
independent nation as opposed to a group of
individual colonies.
43Advantages of Confederation
- The American Civil War also posed great threats
to the colonies, and confederation could help to
eliminate them. - The North had an army that was bigger than the
combined population of all the colonies. - Britain made the North anger because they
supported the South during the war. - Confederation would improve the way the colonies
governed themselves. - Most were inefficient in governing themselves and
taking care business. - Most parties were undisciplined and disorganized
internally. - Modern parties have a whip to prevent this.
44Advantages of Confederation
- Most colonies were governed by political party
alliances, and any turmoil within could bring
down a government. - As a result there were many elections and
political crisis. - Similar to modern day coalition governments.
- Politicians had to build coalition governments to
keep power, but many problems come about as a
result.
45Advantages of Confederation
- Problems with coalition governments.
- French and English provinces rarely agreed on
anything if it was good for the other. - Catholic and protestant divisions caused problems
with how people would vote. - Between 1849 and 1864 there were 12 different
governments in power. - Activity Sheet 2-6
- Complete this chart using the information of
pg.76-79 of your text.
46Confederation Achieved
- Confederation still had its opposition at the
time and most join only if they received
favorable terms. - All of the colonies prior to 1867 were separated
except for Canada West and Canada East. - All of the citizens were British subject, and
take care of under the British colonial office. - The colonies were in good standing with each
other but had separate legislature to govern
them. - With all of the colonies being separate people
opposed a central government that would rule all. - Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, P.E.I., and
Newfoundland believed they had a shared identity
separate from the rest of Canada.
47Confederation Achieved
- The Maritimes already had responsible government,
and had maintained trade relationships with
Britain and the U.S.. - Newfoundland had little to no trade with the
Canadas which would bring no economic benefit in
return from a union between the two. - A transcontinental railway was a big drawing card
to join the union, but would have no benefit for
Newfoundland or P.E.I.. - All of this created doubt with the Maritimes
whether or not to join a union with the rest of
the colonies even though threats to them could be
eliminated. - Economic U.S. reciprocity treaty to allow goods
to pass into the U.S. Duty Free, British repeal
of the Corn Laws, and new technology hampering
the maritime shipbuilding industry. - Defense the Fenian Raids.
48Confederation Achieved
- Fenian Raids
- Irish society know as Fenians had plans to strike
back at Britain for occupying Ireland for years
and being the cause of the Potato Famine in the
1840s. - Fenians had been solders in the North army in the
American Civil War. - They invaded the British colonies in Canada, but
never really had any success in the raids.
49The Conferences
- Confederation was seen as the only solution to
some of the problems that Canada had been facing. - Threat of U.S. invasion, Corn Laws, and
unsuccessful governments. - The logical step in creating confederation was to
have a series of meetings between the colonies to
decide what needed to be done. - All of the colonies attended, but no natives were
involved. Something you would never see today.
50The Conferences
- 1864 Charlottetown, P.E.I..
- Maritime colonies had planned to meet to discus
creation of a union between themselves. - The Great Coalition asked to join the discussion
to input their ideas of confederation. - Great Coalition George Brown, George-Etienne
Cartier, and John A. Macdonald. - The Great Coalition was convincing enough that
the Maritimes agreed to another conference in
Quebec to hammer out details.
51The Conferences
- 1864 Quebec Conference.
- Newfoundland come to the conference but was not
enthusiastic about confederation. - The planning for a new nation began during the
Quebec conference. - It was decided that provincial governments would
remain with powers. - The 72 resolutions were developed, and this
created the blueprint for confederation. - Also known as The Quebec Resolutions.
52The Conferences
- After the conferences the colonies went back to
their respective legislatures and proposed what
had been discussed in the conferences. - This needed to be done because of responsible
government. - The proposals needed to be approved by the
legislatures in order for things to move forward. - As before, there was opposition for almost every
point that was being made. - Everything from the new capital and its powers in
Ottawa, to whether or not a railway should be
built. - New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Canada (Canada
East and West) decided to join as one nation. - Newfoundland and P.E.I. chose to stay independent.
53The Conferences
- The new union asked Britain for permission in
London England in 1866. - The British parliament passed the British North
America Act (BNA Act) creating the new Dominion
of Canada at the London conference.
54British North America Act
- BNA Act, 1867 was passed by the British
Parliament in 1867. It is the law that created
the Canadian Confederation. - The BNA Act was based on the 72 Resolutions, and
was the basis for the Canadian constitution. - It stated that the two provinces of Canada, Nova
Scotia, and New Brunswick would form and be a new
Dominion with the name Canada. - The two Canadas were then named Ontario and
Quebec. - The BNA Act also sets the legal ground rules for
Canada, and divvies up the powers between the
provinces and the federal government. - Section 91 of the BNA Act lists the powers the
federal Parliament can exercise, and Section 92
lists the powers of the Provincial Legislatures. - Pg. 86-87 of your text.
55British North America Act
56British North America Act
- In 1982, the power to amend Canada's Constitution
is repatriated - brought home to Canada from
Britain - and the new Act is called the
Constitution Act, 1982. - The BNA Act is not repealed, just re-named. It
becomes part of the new Constitution as the
Constitution Act, 1867
57British North America Act
- In 1982 the Canadian government passed the
Constitution Act. The passage of the Constitution
Act of 1982 made five major changes to the
Canadian Constitution - 1) It established four legal formulas or
processes for amending the constitution. Until
1982, there had never been any legal amending
formula. - 2) The first three amending formulas entrenched
certain parts of the written constitution, that
is, it placed them beyond the power of Parliament
or any provincial legislature to touch. - 3) The new Constitution Act set out the Canadian
Charter of Rights and Freedoms. - 4) The Act gave the provinces wide powers over
their natural resources. - 5) The Act clarified the relationship between the
Federal government and Canadas aboriginal
population.
58Confederation
- Confederation was achieved and the new Dominion
named Canada was celebrated on July 1, 1867. - Even though confederation was achieved, there
were still old problems that Canada as a new
nation would have to deal with. - Corruption in government, disputes between the
English and French, and Métis land claims and
rights.
59Confederation
- "Confederation! The much-fathered youngster"
(left to right George Brown, Sir Francis Hincks,
William McDougall, Sir John A. Macdonald).