PROTISTS

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PROTISTS
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PROTISTS

• COMMON EXAMPLES
• Amoeba, paramecium, euglena, volvox, plasmodium
• EUKARYOTIC
• Have a nuclear membrane
• VERY DIVERSE GROUP
• most are unicellular, microscopic, aerobic
• Some are autotrophic, heterotrophic, sexual,
  asexual

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• ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY
• Early eukaryotes developed symbiotic
  relationships with prokaryotic cells
• Prokaryotic cells lived inside eukaryotic cells
• Over time, the smaller prokaryotic cells evolved
  with the eukaryotic cells to become mitochondria
  and chloroplasts

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PROTISTS

• EXCRETION AND OSMOREGULATION
• Water balance osmoregulation
• Done by contractile vacuole
• Wastes removed by diffusion
• RESPIRATION
• Carbon dioxide and oxygen diffuse in and out

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• REPRODUCTION
• Asexual
• Mitosis and cytokinesis
• Budding similar to mitosis except daughter cell
  is smaller than parent
• Schizogony nucleus divides many times and
  cytoplasm divides to form many daughter cells as
  there are nuclei

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• SEXUALLY
• Meiosis special nuclear division to reduce
  chromosome number to haploid
• Union of gametes diploid zygote
• Syngamy fertilization between two individuals
• Autogamy two gametes fuse within one organism
• Parthenogenesis development of organism from
  gamete without fertilization
• Conjugation exchange of nuclear material
  between two individuals

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PROTISTS

• DOMAIN EUKARYOTA
• KINGDOM PROTISTA
• Any eukaryote that is not classified as a fungus,
  plant, or animal is a PROTIST

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PROTISTS

• ANIMAL LIKE PROTISTS PROTOZOA
• Classified by method of movement
• PLANT LIKE PROTISTS ALGAE
• Classified by pigment color
• FUNGUS LIKE PROTISTS MOLDS
• Classified by body form

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• PROTIST CLASSFICATION
• Separated by feeding habits (nutrition)
• Autotrophic
• Able to make own food
• Photosynthetic 30-40 of all photosynthesis
  worldwide is done by algae
• Heterotrophic
• Must eat other material
• Unicellular
• May be predators, decomposers, or parasites

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PROTISTS

• PROTOZOA
• Heterotrophic
• Unicellular
• 4 groups
• Sarcodinians
• Zooflagellates
• Ciliophorans
• Sporozoans

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• PHYLUM SARCODINA
• Aquatic, clear cytoplasm, irregular shape
• Move by extending lobes of their cytoplasm
• Pseudopods (false feet)
• Plasmolemma elastic cell membrane
• Cytoplasm is divided into ectoplasm and endoplasm
• Nucleus, contractile vacuole, food vacuole
• Example Amoeba proteus

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PROTIST

• LABEL THIS AMEOBA

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PROTISTS

• PHYLUM ZOOMASTIGINA
• Often called flagellates because they move using
  flagella
• Absorb food by diffusion through cell membrane
• Live off of dead or decaying organic matter or
  some are parasites
• Trichonympha lives in the gut of termites (helps
  termite digest wood)
• Trypanosoma parasite of humans in Africa

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• PHYLUM CILIOPHORA
• Ciliates found in fresh and salt water usually
  free-living, most are larger than other protozoa
• Pellicle, cilia, ectoplasm, endoplasm, food
  vacuole, contractile vacuole
• Micronucleus (exchanged during conjugation)
• Macronucleus (controls daily functions)

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PROTISTS

• TRICHOCYSTS spindle shaped alternating between
  bases of cilia used as anchor and to paralyze
  prey
• Oral groove shallow furrow on one side of cell
  used to gather food
• Locomotion cilia avoiding reaction ? contact
  with unfavorable conditions and will move away
• Reacts to contact, temperature, gravity, water
  currents, electric currents, acidity and other
  chemicals

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PROTISTS

• Reproduction
• Mitosis every 6-12 hours
• Conjugation become sticky and adhere to each
  other at oral groove and exchange nuclear
  material
• Example paramecium

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• PHYLUM SPOROZOA
• Members cannot move
• Reproduce by producing spores
• All endoparasites
• Have apical complexes (structures that aid in
  penetration of host cells or tissues)
• Example Plasmodium causes malaria carried by
  vector (female Anopheles mosquito)

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• PLANT LIKE PROTISTS
• Most perform photosynthesis
• Contain chlorophyll in chloroplast and possibly
  other pigments
• Divided into groups by pigment color
• PHYLUM EUGLENOPHYTA
• PHYLUM DINOFLAGELLATA
• PHYLUM HETEROKONTOPHYTA
• PHYLUM CHLOROPHYTA

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PROTIST

• PHYLUM EUGLENOPHYTA
• Usually free-living (not a parasite)
• Pellicle covering membrane maintains shape
• Ectoplasm, endoplasm
• Cell mouth, gullet, reservoir (holds flagella),
  contractile vacuole, food vacuole
• Stigma (eyespot) - light sensitive
• Nucleus, chloroplasts

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PROTISTS

• Movement toward light using flagella flagella
  pulls cell euglenoid movement ? expansion and
  contractions of entire cell
• Nutrition can capture food can absorb
  nutrients from water or carry on photosynthesis
• Reproduction mitosis form cyst during harsh
  times
• Example euglena volvox

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• PHYLUM CHLOROPHYTA - GREEN ALGAE
• Contain chlorophyll b is their main type (which
  is very similar to land plants)
• Some reproduce sexually
• Examples desmids, spirogyra
• Most live in fresh water or moist soil
• Many live in symbiotic relationships
• Lichen organism composed of an algae and a
  fungi living together as one

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• PHYLUM HETEROKONTOPHYTA
• Red algae, brown algae, golden algae
• RED ALGAE
• Grow in warm salt water habitats toward surface
  or deep water
• Perform photosynthesis
• Example Red moss

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PROTISTS

• BROWN ALGAE
• Multicellular and live in cool salt water
  habitats
• Includes giant kelps
• Have an alternation of generations life cycle
  (means that part of life is spent reproducing
  asexually and part is spent reproducing sexually)

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PROTISTS

• Used to make a variety of products
• As a thickening agent in puddings, ice cream
• Used as food for animals (processed)

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PROTISTS

• GOLDEN ALGAE
• Some species are colorless, but the vast majority
  are photosynthetic.
• particularly important in lakes, where they may
  be the primary source of food for zooplankton.
• not considered truly autotrophic because nearly
  all become heterotrophic in the absence of
  adequate light, or in the presence of plentiful
  dissolved food.
• EXAMPLES - DIATOMS

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PROTISTS

• PHYLUM DINOFLAGELLATA (termed Pyrrophyta in your
  book)
• Nearly all have flagella
• Most grow in salt water
• Most are free-living (meaning they are not
  parasites) some have symbiotic relationships
  with other organisms
• When agitated undergo reaction that produces
  light ? bioluminescent

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• DINOFLAGELLATE

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• Cause the red tide
• Several microscopic marine algae are notoriously
  poisonous to hapless humans who consume them in
  shellfish.
• some species are poisonous to animals which feed
  upon them directly or indirectly. Some of the
  toxins these species produce are seriously toxic.
  Often, the algae themselves are unaffected, as
  are the filter feeders, especially shellfish, for
  whom micro-algae are the principal diet. However,
  to carnivores further up the food chain,
  including humans, these toxins are potentially
  FATAL.

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• FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS (MOLDS)
• CHARACTERISTICS
• MOST ARE SMALL AND LIVE IN DAMP PLACES
• PROTISTS THAT ACT AS DECOMPOSERS ARE CALLED MOLDS
• DIVIDED INTO 3 GROUPS
• PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLDS
• CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS
• WATER MOLDS

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PROTISTS

• PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLDS
• Can weigh as much as 50 grams and be as large as
  a human hand (one cell!)
• Single cell with many nuclei
• In unfavorable conditions
• Moves somewhere else
• Creates a fruiting body

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Myxomycota - plasmodium
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PROTISTS

• CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS
• ALTERNATES BETWEEN A SPORE PRODUCING FRUITING
  BODY FORM AND AN AMEBALIKE FEEDING FORM
• SINGLE CELLS UNITE TO FORM ONE LARGE MASS
  (PSEUDOPLASMODIUM) WHEN TIMES ARE HARSH

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• The phyla of slime molds

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• WATER MOLDS
• DECOMPOSERS IN FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS
• SOME ARE PARASITIC

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• IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTS
• ECOLOGICAL ROLES
• Provide an essential food base in aquatic food
  chains
• Carry out more than 30-40 of Earths
  photosynthesis
• Protozoans help keep the number of bacteria in
  check